{"id":7489,"date":"2024-07-07T14:45:44","date_gmt":"2024-07-07T05:45:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/?p=7489"},"modified":"2026-10-04T10:29:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T01:29:56","slug":"howland-current-pump","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/howland-current-pump\/","title":{"rendered":"Howland Current Pump"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1478\" height=\"1283\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-3.png 1478w, https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-3-768x667.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1478px) 100vw, 1478px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1270\" height=\"954\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/KakaoTalk_20240727_222942492.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/KakaoTalk_20240727_222942492.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/KakaoTalk_20240727_222942492-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1270px) 100vw, 1270px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c791fa0c-9f33-466f-a4fe-2638d4fe25e7\" href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Howland-Current-Pump.txt\">Howland-Current-Pump<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Howland-Current-Pump.txt\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-c791fa0c-9f33-466f-a4fe-2638d4fe25e7\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">http:\/\/www.falstad.com\/circuit\/circuitjs.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1387\" height=\"924\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-4.png 1387w, https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-4-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1387px) 100vw, 1387px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp\uc758 \uc0bd\uc785.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-832e90a9-6505-41ae-8e7b-2bf38a021a0b\" href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp.pdf\">\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-832e90a9-6505-41ae-8e7b-2bf38a021a0b\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n&#8220;`html\n<div class=\"chapter19-wide\">\n\n  <h1>Howland Current Pump<\/h1>\n\n  <div class=\"subtitle\">\n    OP Amp \u00b7 Current Source \u00b7 Load Current \u00b7 Differential Input \u00b7 Rx\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>1. \ud68c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 Howland Current Pump\ub294\n      \ub450 \uc785\ub825\uc804\uc555 V1, V2\uc640 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 OP Amp,\n      \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc800\ud56d R, \ucd9c\ub825 \uc800\ud56d Rx \ubc0f \ubd80\ud558 ZL\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <pre>\n      V1 \u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u25cf\u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n                \u2502                   \u2502\n                \u2502                OP Amp\n                \u2502                   \u2502\n                \u2502                   \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 Vy\n                \u2502                         \u2502\n                \u2502                        ZL\n                \u2502                         \u2502\n                \u2502                        GND\n                \u2502\n                \u2514\u2500\u2500 (+)\n                    OP Amp \u2500\u2500 V2' \u2500 Rx \u2500\u2500 Vy\n                \u250c\u2500\u2500 (-)\n                \u2502\n      V2 \u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u25cf\u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n    <\/pre>\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        \ud68c\ub85c\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc740 \uc785\ub825\uc804\uc555 \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\n        \ubd80\ud558\uc5d0 \ud750\ub974\ub294 \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>2. \uc774\uc0c1\uc801 OP Amp \uad00\uacc4<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc190\uae00\uc528\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 OP Amp\uc758\n      \uc785\ub825\uc804\uc555\uc774 \uac19\ub2e4\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec\n      \ud68c\ub85c\ub97c \ud574\uc11d\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V+ = V-\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc911\uac04 \ub178\ub4dc \uc804\uc555\uc744 V1&#8217;\ub85c \ub450\uace0\n      \uc804\ub958 i1\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>3. \uc804\ub958 i1<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc704\ucabd \uc800\ud56d \ub450 \uac1c R \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c\n      \ub2e4\uc74c \uc804\ub958\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uae30\ub85d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      i1\n      =\n      (V1 &#8211; Vy) \/ (2R)\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc911\uac04 \ub178\ub4dc \uc804\uc555 V1&#8217;\uc740\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V1&#8242;\n      =\n      V1 &#8211; i1R\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      =\n      V1\n      &#8211;\n      {(V1-Vy)\/(2R)}R\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      =\n      (V1 + Vy)\/2\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        V1&#8217;\uc740 V1\uacfc Vy\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0\uac12\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4.\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>4. \uc544\ub798\ucabd \uc804\ub958 i2<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc544\ub798\ucabd \uc785\ub825 V2\uc640 \uc911\uac04 \ub178\ub4dc V1&#8242; \uc0ac\uc774\uc758\n      \uc804\ub958\ub97c i2\ub85c \ub450\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      i2\n      =\n      (V2 &#8211; V1&#8242;) \/ R\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>5. \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 OP Amp \ucd9c\ub825 V2&#8242;<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc190\uae00\uc528\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\n      OP Amp \ucd9c\ub825 V2&#8217;\ub97c \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc720\ub3c4\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V2&#8242;\n      =\n      V1&#8242; &#8211; i2R\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      =\n      V1&#8242;\n      &#8211;\n      (V2-V1&#8242;)\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      =\n      2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>6. \ubd80\ud558\uce21 \uc804\ub958 ix<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      Rx\ub97c \ud750\ub974\ub294 \uc804\ub958 ix\ub294\n      V2&#8217;\uc640 \ucd9c\ub825\ub178\ub4dc Vy\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\ub85c \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      (V2&#8242; &#8211; Vy) \/ Rx\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      V2&#8242; = 2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2\ub97c \ub300\uc785\ud558\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      (2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2 &#8211; Vy) \/ Rx\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>7. V1&#8242; \uad00\uacc4 \ub300\uc785<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V1&#8242;\n      =\n      (V1 + Vy)\/2\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub97c \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      Vy\n      =\n      2V1&#8242; &#8211; V1\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc774\ub97c ix \uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\uc785\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      {\n      2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2 &#8211; (2V1&#8242;-V1)\n      }\n      \/ Rx\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      (V1 &#8211; V2) \/ Rx\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>8. Howland Current Pump\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc2dd<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      \\boxed{\n      ix\n      =\n      (V1 &#8211; V2) \/ Rx\n      }\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        \ubd80\ud558\uc804\ub958\ub294 \uc785\ub825\uc804\uc555 \ucc28\uc774 V1-V2\uc640\n        \uc800\ud56d Rx\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4.\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <pre>\n      V1\n       \u2502\n       \u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n       \u2502       \u25bc\n       \u2502    V1 - V2\n       \u2502       \u2502\n      V2       \u25bc\n             \/ Rx\n               \u2502\n               \u25bc\n              ix\n               \u2502\n               \u25bc\n              ZL\n    <\/pre>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>9. \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \uc218\uce58 \uc608\uc81c<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc190\uae00\uc528 \ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0\ub294\n      \ub2e4\uc74c \uc870\uac74\uc774 \uc801\ud600 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      R = Rx = 5 k\u03a9\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V1 = +5 V\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V2 = -5 V\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc55e\uc11c \uc720\ub3c4\ud55c \uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\uc785\ud558\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      {5 &#8211; (-5)} \/ 5 k\u03a9\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix\n      =\n      10 V \/ 5 k\u03a9\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ix = 2 mA\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>10. Simulation \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4\n      \ub2e4\uc74c \uc870\uac74\uc774 \ud45c\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <ul>\n      <li>V1 = +5 V<\/li>\n      <li>V2 = -5 V<\/li>\n      <li>R1 = 5 k\u03a9<\/li>\n      <li>R2 = 5 k\u03a9<\/li>\n      <li>\ub2e4\ub978 \uc800\ud56d\ub3c4 5 k\u03a9<\/li>\n      <li>Load = 1 k\u03a9<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p>\n      \ubd80\ud558 \uc0c1\ub2e8\uc5d0\ub294 \uc57d 2 V\uac00 \ud45c\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      Vload \u2248 2 V\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      ZL = 1 k\u03a9\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      Iload\n      \u2248\n      2 V \/ 1 k\u03a9\n      =\n      2 mA\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        \uc190\uae00\uc528\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub3c4\ud55c ix = 2 mA\uc640\n        \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \ubd80\ud558\uc804\uc555\u00b7\ubd80\ud558\uc800\ud56d\uc774 \ub300\uc751\ud55c\ub2e4.\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>11. \uc911\uac04 \ub178\ub4dc \uc804\uc555<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      Simulation \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\n      \uc911\uac04 \ub178\ub4dc \uc804\uc555\uc774 \uc57d 3.5 V\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V1&#8242;\n      =\n      (V1 + Vy)\/2\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 V1 = 5 V,\n      Vy \u2248 2 V\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V1&#8242;\n      =\n      (5 + 2)\/2\n      =\n      3.5 V\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc774\ub294 Simulation \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758\n      3.5 V \ud45c\uc2dc\uc640 \uc77c\uce58\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>12. \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 OP Amp \ucd9c\ub825<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc55e\uc11c \uad6c\ud55c\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V2&#8242;\n      =\n      2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc5d0 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \uac12\uc744 \ub123\uc73c\uba74\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      V2&#8242;\n      =\n      2(3.5) &#8211; (-5)\n      =\n      12 V\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      Simulation \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5d0\ub3c4\n      \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 OP Amp \ucd9c\ub825\uc774\n      \uc57d 12 V\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>13. \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uacfc Simulation \ube44\uad50<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"table-wrap\">\n\n    <table>\n\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>\ud56d\ubaa9<\/th>\n          <th>\uc720\ub3c4\/\uacc4\uc0b0<\/th>\n          <th>Simulation \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>V1<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>+5 V<\/td>\n          <td>+5 V<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>V2<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>-5 V<\/td>\n          <td>-5 V<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>V1&#8242;<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>3.5 V<\/td>\n          <td>3.5 V<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>V2&#8242;<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>12 V<\/td>\n          <td>12 V<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Vy<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\uc57d 2 V<\/td>\n          <td>2 V<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Load<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>1 k\u03a9<\/td>\n          <td>1 k\u03a9<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>ix<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>2 mA<\/td>\n          <td>2 V \/ 1 k\u03a9 = 2 mA<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>14. \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \uc804\uccb4 \ud750\ub984<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <pre>\n      V1 , V2\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      OP Amp + R Network\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      V1' = (V1 + Vy)\/2\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      V2' = 2V1' - V2\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      ix = (V2' - Vy)\/Rx\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      ix = (V1 - V2)\/Rx\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n         ZL\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ubd80\ud558\uc804\ub958\n    <\/pre>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>15. \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 OCR \ud575\uc2ec \uc815\ub9ac<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"table-wrap\">\n\n    <table>\n\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>\ud56d\ubaa9<\/th>\n          <th>\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \ub0b4\uc6a9<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\ud68c\ub85c<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\ub450 OP Amp + \ub3d9\uc77c \uc800\ud56d Network + Rx + ZL<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\uc911\uac04\uc804\uc555<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>V1&#8242; = (V1+Vy)\/2<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ucd9c\ub825<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>V2&#8242; = 2V1&#8242; &#8211; V2<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\ucd9c\ub825\uc804\ub958<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>ix = (V1-V2)\/Rx<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\uc608\uc81c<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>V1=+5 V, V2=-5 V, Rx=5 k\u03a9<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>\uacc4\uc0b0\uc804\ub958<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>2 mA<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Simulation<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>Load 1 k\u03a9, \uc57d 2 V \u2192 \uc57d 2 mA<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <div class=\"warning\">\n    <strong>\n      \uc774 HTML\uc740 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcf8\ubb38 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0,\n      \uc77c\ubc18 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 3\uc7a5\ub9cc OCR\/\uc2dc\uac01 \ud310\ub3c5\ud558\uc5ec \uc791\uc131\ud588\ub2e4.\n\n      \uc774 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0\ub294 NeoStudio PDF\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\n\n      &#8216;Howland-Current-Pump&#8217; \ud30c\uc77c\uc740\n      \ud68c\ub85c \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\ud130\uc6a9 \ud14d\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c\n      \ud604\uc7ac \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\/NeoStudio PDF \ubcc0\ud658 \uae30\uc900\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc81c\uc678\ud588\ub2e4.\n\n      &#8216;\uc804\uc790\ud68c\ub85c2\uc7a5OPamp.pdf&#8217;\ub294\n      NeoStudio\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc 41\ud398\uc774\uc9c0 \uc77c\ubc18 \uac15\uc758\uc790\ub8cc\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \uc81c\uc678\ud588\ub2e4.\n\n      Howland Current Pump\uc758 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc800\ud56d\ube44 \uc870\uac74,\n      \ucd9c\ub825\uc800\ud56d, compliance voltage, \uac1c\uc120\ud615 Howland \ud68c\ub85c \ub4f1\uc758\n      \uc678\ubd80 \uc774\ub860\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \ucd94\uac00\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.\n\n      \uc218\uc2dd\uc740 \ub450 \uc7a5\uc758 \uc190\uae00\uc528\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uc804\uac1c\ud55c\n      V1&#8242;, V2&#8217;, ix \uad00\uacc4\ub9cc \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.\n    <\/strong>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <div class=\"keywords\">\n    Howland Current Pump,\n    Current Pump,\n    Current Source,\n    OP Amp,\n    Differential Input,\n    Load Current,\n    Constant Current,\n    Rx,\n    V1,\n    V2,\n    Load,\n    Current Driver\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n&#8220;`\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>http:\/\/www.falstad.com\/circuit\/circuitjs.html &#8220;`html Howland Current Pump OP Amp \u00b7 Current Source \u00b7 Load Current \u00b7 Differential Input \u00b7 Rx 1. \ud68c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 Howland Current Pump\ub294 \ub450 \uc785\ub825\uc804\uc555 V1, V2\uc640 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 OP Amp, \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc800\ud56d R, \ucd9c\ub825 \uc800\ud56d Rx \ubc0f \ubd80\ud558 ZL\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. V1 \u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u25cf\u2500\u2500 R \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \u2502 \u2502 \u2502 OP Amp [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1185],"tags":[1593,1461],"class_list":["post-7489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1185","tag-howland-current-pump","tag-opamp"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7489","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7489"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7489\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9635,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7489\/revisions\/9635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}