{"id":9287,"date":"2026-08-03T11:51:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:51:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/?p=9287"},"modified":"2026-08-03T11:59:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:59:35","slug":"valve-handbook-2%ec%9e%a5-%ec%9a%94%ec%95%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/valve-handbook-2%ec%9e%a5-%ec%9a%94%ec%95%bd\/","title":{"rendered":"\uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc131\ub2a5 \ud578\ub4dc\ubd81 \uc694\uc57d: \uace0\uc720\/\uc124\uce58 \ud2b9\uc131 \uc218\uc2dd \ubc0f \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \ub3d9\ud2b9\uc131 \ubd84\uc11d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter 2: Control Valve Performance (\uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc131\ub2a5)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Process Variability (\uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uc81c\ud488 \ud488\uc9c8 \ud5a5\uc0c1, \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uc6d0\uac00 \uc808\uac10, \uc548\uc804\uc131 \ubc0f \uaddc\uc81c \uc900\uc218\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131(Process Variability)\uc744 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uacf5\uc815 \uc81c\uc5b4\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \ubaa9\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>. \uc804\uccb4 \uc81c\uc5b4 \ub8e8\ud504\uc758 \ucd5c\uc885 \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc694\uc18c(Final Control Element)\uc778 \uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5b4\uc148\ube14\ub9ac(\ubc38\ube0c, \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130, \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108)\uc758 \ub3d9\uc801 \uc131\ub2a5\uc774 \ub8e8\ud504\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\uc9c0\uc73c\uba70, \ub8e8\ud504 \uc131\ub2a5 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 80%\uac00 \uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \ubbf8\ud761\ud55c \uc751\ub2f5 \uc131\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc778\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.1 Deadband (\ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc\ub294 \uc785\ub825 \uc2e0\ud638\uac00 \ubcc0\uacbd\ub418\uc5c8\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ubc38\ube0c \ud2b8\ub9bc\uc774 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\uce58\/\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub85c\ud06c\ub97c \ubc14\uafb8\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uba38\ubb3c\ub7ec \uc788\ub294 \uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uba70, \uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\uc218(PV)\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\ub3d9(Cycling)\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2.1.1.1 Causes of Deadband (\ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \uc6d0\uc778)<\/strong>: \ud328\ud0b9(Packing) \ubc0f \uac00\uc2a4\ucf13\uc758 \ub192\uc740 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825(Friction), \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130\/\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \ubc0f \ubc38\ube0c \ub9c1\ud06c \uad6c\uc870\uc758 \ubc31\ub798\uc2dc(Backlash), \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uac15\uc131 \ubd80\uc871 \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.1.2 Effects of Deadband (\ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \uc601\ud5a5)<\/strong>: \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc2e0\ud638\uac00 \uc77c\uc815 \uc218\uc900 \uc774\uc0c1 \ubcc0\ud654\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc38\ube0c\uac00 \uc815\uc9c0\ud574 \uc788\ub2e4\uac00 \uac11\uc790\uae30 \ud070 \ud3ed\uc73c\ub85c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc5ec(Stick-Slip) \uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \ubaa9\ud45c\uac12(SP) \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc18d \uc9c4\ub3d9\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4ed\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.1.3 Performance Tests (\uc131\ub2a5 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8)<\/strong>: \ud45c\uc900 \ub2e8\uacc4 \uc751\ub2f5(Step Response) \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ubc0f \uc2a4\ud15d \ubbfc\uac10\ub3c4 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \ud06c\uae30\uc640 \ucd5c\uc800 \uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \ud3ed\uc744 \uce21\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.1.4 Friction (\ub9c8\ucc30)<\/strong>: \ud328\ud0b9 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825\uc740 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc694\uc778\uc774\uba70, \uc801\uc808\ud55c \ud328\ud0b9 \uc7ac\uc9c8(ENVIRO-SEAL \ub4f1) \uc120\ud0dd \ubc0f \uc815\ubc00 \ud29c\ub2dd\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825\uc744 \uc81c\uc5b4\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.2 Actuator and Positioner Design (\uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \ubc0f \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \uc124\uacc4)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \ucc28\uc218\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654 (1\ucc28 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c $\\rightarrow$ 2\ucc28 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \ubbf8\uc124\uce58 (1\ucc28 \uc9c0\uc5f0 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c)<\/strong>:\uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uc758 \uacf5\uc555 \uc2e0\ud638\uac00 \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uacf5\uae30\uc2e4\ub85c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc720\uc785\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ubc30\uad00 \ub9c8\ucc30\uacfc \uacf5\uae30 \uc6a9\uc801\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc555\ub825\uc774 \ucc28\uc624\ub974\ub294 <strong>1\ucc28 \uc9c0\uc5f0(First-Order Lag) \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ub3d9\uc791\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.$$\\tau \\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = K \\cdot u(t)$$<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \uc124\uce58 (2\ucc28\/\uace0\ucc28 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uc804\ud658)<\/strong>:\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uac00 \uc2e4\uc81c \ubc38\ube0c \uc704\uce58(Position Feedback)\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\uc5ec \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud3d0\ub8e8\ud504(Inner Loop)\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub54c <strong>\uacf5\uc555 1\ucc28 \uc751\ub2f5<\/strong>\uc5d0 <strong>\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \uc2a4\ud480 \ubc38\ube0c \ubc0f \ubc38\ube0c \ud2b8\ub9bc\uc758 \uc9c8\ub7c9(Mass)-\uc2a4\ud504\ub9c1(Spring)-\uac10\uc1e0(Damping) \uae30\uacc4\uacc4 \ud2b9\uc131<\/strong>\uc774 \uacb0\ud569\ub418\uc5b4 2\ucc28 \ub3d9\uc801 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c(Second-Order System)\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud654\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.$$\\frac{d^2 y(t)}{dt^2} + 2\\zeta\\omega_n \\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + \\omega_n^2 y(t) = K \\cdot \\omega_n^2 \\cdot u(t)$$<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \uc801\uc6a9 \uc774\uc810<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud328\ud0b9 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825 \ubc0f \ubd88\ud3c9\ud615\ub825 \uadf9\ubcf5<\/strong>: \ub192\uc740 \ucc28\uc555\uc774\ub098 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud574\ub3c4 \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uac00 \uacf5\uc555\uc744 \ucd5c\ub300\ub85c \ud22c\uc785\ud558\uc5ec \uc704\uce58 \uc624\ucc28\ub97c \uac15\uc81c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc751\ub2f5 \uc18d\ub3c4 \ub300\ud3ed \ud5a5\uc0c1<\/strong>: \uacf5\uc555 \ucd9c\ub825\uc744 \uc81c\uc5b4\ud558\uc5ec \uc9c0\uc5f0 \uc2dc\uac04(Dead Time)\uacfc \ub3d9\uc801 \uc2dc\uac04(Dynamic Time)\uc744 \ucd95\uc18c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud788\uc2a4\ud14c\ub9ac\uc2dc\uc2a4 \ubc0f \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654<\/strong>: \uc2e4\uc2dc\uac04 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ud2b8\ub9bc \uc704\uce58\ub97c \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uc81c\uc5b4\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uc5d0\uc11c \uc624\ud504\uc14b(Integral Action) \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ube44\ud65c\uc131\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\ub294 PI\/PID \uc81c\uc5b4\uac00 \uac00\ub2a5\ud568\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud604\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <strong>\uc801\ubd84(Integral) \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ub044\uace0 \ube44\ub840(P) \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc704\uc8fc\ub85c \uc6b4\uc6a9<\/strong>\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30(DCS\/PLC)\uc640\uc758 2\uc911 \uc801\ubd84(Double Integration) \ubc29\uc9c0<\/strong>:\uc774\ubbf8 \uc0c1\uc704 DCS \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uac00 I-Action(\uc801\ubd84)\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c, \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uae4c\uc9c0 I-Action\uc744 \ucf1c\uba74 \uc804\uccb4 \ub8e8\ud504\uc5d0 2\uc911 \uc801\ubd84\uc774 \ud615\uc131\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 <strong>\uc704\uc0c1 \uc9c0\uc5f0(Phase Lag)\uc744 \ucd5c\ub300 $180^\\circ$\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc720\ubc1c\ud574 \ud5cc\ud305(Hunting) \ubc0f \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ubc1c\uc9c4<\/strong>\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ud0b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc2a4\ud2f1\uc158(Stiction)\uacfc \uc801\ubd84 \uc708\ub4dc\uc5c5(Integral Windup)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ubc1c\uc9c4 \uc694\uc778 \uc81c\uac70<\/strong>:\uc815\uc9c0 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uc138 \uc624\ucc28\uac00 \uc0dd\uacbc\uc744 \ub54c \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uac00 \uc801\ubd84\uac12\uc744 \uacc4\uc18d \uc313\uc73c\uba74, \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825\uc744 \ub6ab\ub294 \uc21c\uac04 \ubc38\ube0c\uac00 \uae09\uaca9\ud788 \ud280\uc5b4\ub098\uac00(Stick-Slip) \uc624\ubc84\uc288\ud2b8\uac00 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uacb0\ub860<\/strong>: \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\ub294 <strong>\uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dc\ub300\ub85c \ucd95 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ucd94\uc885\ud558\ub294 High-Gain P \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30<\/strong> \uc5ed\ud560\ub9cc \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0, \ubbf8\uc138 \uc624\ud504\uc14b \ubcf4\uc815\uc740 \uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30(DCS)\uc758 I-Action\uc5d0 \uc704\uc784\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uc548\uc815\uc131\uc5d0 \uc720\ub9ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.3 Valve Response Time (\ubc38\ube0c \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uc785\ub825 \uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \uc2dc\uc791\ubd80\ud130 \ubc38\ube0c \ud2b8\ub9bc\uc774 \ubaa9\ud45c \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc18c\uc694\ub418\ub294 \ucd1d \uc2dc\uac04\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2.1.3.1 Dead Time (\ubd80\ub3d9 \uc2dc\uac04)<\/strong>: \uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \ud6c4 \ubc38\ube0c \ucd95\uc774 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc774\ub3d9\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0 \uc2dc\uac04\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.3.2 Dynamic Time (\ub3d9\uc801 \uc2dc\uac04)<\/strong>: \uc2e4\uc81c \uc774\ub3d9 \uc2dc\uc791 \ud6c4 \ubaa9\ud45c \uc704\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.3.3 Solutions (\ud574\uacb0\ucc45)<\/strong>: \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108, \ub300\uc6a9\ub7c9 \uc2a4\ud480 \ubc38\ube0c, \uacf5\uc555 \ubd80\uc2a4\ud130(Volume Booster) \uc801\uc6a9\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc744 \uc81c\uac70\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.3.4 Supply Pressure (\uacf5\uae09 \uc555\ub825)<\/strong>: \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uc555 \uacf5\uae09 \uc555\ub825 \uc720\uc9c0 \ubc0f \uad00\uacbd \ud655\ubcf4\uac00 \ud544\uc218\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.3.5 Minimizing Dead Time (\ub370\ub4dc \ud0c0\uc784 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654)<\/strong>: \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uc6a9\ub7c9 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654 \ubc0f \ub9c8\ucc30 \uc800\uac10\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc744 \uc904\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.3.6 Valve Response Time (\ubc38\ube0c \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04)<\/strong>: Small-step(1~2%)\uacfc Large-step(10% \uc774\uc0c1) \uc751\ub2f5\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud558\uc5ec \ud3c9\uac00\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.4 Valve Type and Characterization (\ubc38\ube0c \uc720\ud615 \ubc0f \uc720\ub7c9 \ud2b9\uc131)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uace0\uc720 \uc720\ub7c9 \ud2b9\uc131 (Inherent Characteristics) \uc218\uc2dd \uc815\ub9ac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ubc38\ube0c \ucc28\uc555($\\Delta P_{\\text{valve}}$)\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud560 \ub54c\uc758 \uc720\ub7c9 \uacc4\uc218 \uc218\uc2dd\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>$h$: \uc815\uc801 \uc774\ub3d9 \ube44\uc728 (Normalized Travel, $0 \\le h \\le 1$)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$C_v$: \uac1c\ub3c4\uc728 $h$\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc720\ub7c9 \uacc4\uc218<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$R$: \ubc94\uc704\uc131 (Rangeability, $R = \\frac{C_{v,\\text{max}}}{C_{v,\\text{min}}}$)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc120\ud615 (Linear)<\/strong>:$$C_v = C_{v,\\text{max}} \\cdot h \\quad \\implies \\quad \\frac{dC_v}{dh} = C_{v,\\text{max}} \\quad (\\text{\uc77c\uc815})$$<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub4f1\ube44\uc728 (Equal Percentage)<\/strong>:$$C_v = C_{v,\\text{max}} \\cdot R^{(h &#8211; 1)} \\quad \\implies \\quad \\frac{dC_v}{dh} = (\\ln R) \\cdot C_v \\quad (\\text{\uc720\ub7c9\uc5d0 \ube44\ub840})$$<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uae09\uc18d \uac1c\ubc29\ud615 (Quick Opening)<\/strong>: \ucd08\ubc18 \ub0ae\uc740 \uac1c\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c $C_v$\uac00 \uae09\uaca9\ud788 \uc99d\uac00\ud568 ($C_v \\approx C_{v,\\text{max}} \\cdot \\sqrt{h}$).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uc138\ubd80 \ud56d\ubaa9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2.1.4.1 Installed Gain (\uc124\uce58 \uc774\ub4dd)<\/strong>: \ubc30\uad00 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uc800\ud56d\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc720\ub7c9 \uc99d\uac00 \uc2dc \ubc38\ube0c \ucc28\uc555\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \ubc18\uc601\ub41c \uc2e4\uc81c \ubc38\ube0c \uc774\ub4dd($\\frac{dQ}{dh}$)\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.4.2 Loop Gain (\ub8e8\ud504 \uc774\ub4dd)<\/strong>: \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30, \ubc38\ube0c, \ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc2a4, \uc13c\uc11c \uc774\ub4dd\uc758 \uacf1\uc73c\ub85c \uc804 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc815 \uc218\uc900(0.5 ~ 2.0)\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \uc548\uc815\ud654\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2.1.4.3 Process Optimization (\uacf5\uc815 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654)<\/strong>: \uac10\uc18c\ud558\ub294 \ubc30\uad00 \ucc28\uc555 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc0c1\uc1c4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uace0\uc720 <strong>\ub4f1\ube44\uc728(Equal Percentage)<\/strong> \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uba74, \uc2e4\uc81c <strong>\uc124\uce58 \ud2b9\uc131\uc740 \uc120\ud615(Linear)\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6cc\uc838<\/strong> \ub8e8\ud504 \uac8c\uc778\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \uc720\uc9c0\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.5 Valve Sizing (\ubc38\ube0c \uc0ac\uc774\uc9d5)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uacfc\ub300 \uc0ac\uc774\uc9d5(Oversizing)\ub41c \ubc38\ube0c\ub294 \uc800\uac1c\ub3c4 \uc6b4\uc804\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc\uac00 \uc545\ud654\ub418\uace0 \ub8e8\ud504 \uac8c\uc778\uc774 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud558\uac8c \ucee4\uc838 \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc9c4\ub3d9\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Economic Results (\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ud6a8\uacfc)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \ub3d9\uc801 \uc751\ub2f5 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uacf5\uc815\uc744 \ud55c\uacc4 \ub3d9\uc791 \uc9c0\uc810(Target Constraint)\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc00\uc5b4\ubd99\uc5ec \uc6b4\uc804 \uac00\ub2a5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc808\uac10, \uc7ac\uc791\uc5c5(Off-spec) \uac10\uc18c \ubc0f \uc218\uc728 \uadf9\ub300\ud654 \ub2ec\uc131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 Summary (\uc694\uc57d)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131\uc744 \uc904\uc774\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc, \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825, \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\ub294 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 2\ucc28 \uc81c\uc5b4\uacc4\ub85c \uc804\ud658<\/strong>\uc2dc\ucf1c \ube60\ub978 \uc751\ub2f5\uc131\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uba70, <strong>\uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uc640\uc758 2\uc911 \uc801\ubd84 \ubc29\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uc758 \uc624\ud504\uc14b(I-Action) \uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ube44\ud65c\uc131\ud654<\/strong>\ud558\uc5ec P \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc704\uc8fc\ub85c \uc6b4\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ubc30\uad00 \uc190\uc2e4\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574 \uace0\uc720 \ub4f1\ube44\uc728 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc2e4\uc81c <strong>\uc124\uce58 \uc774\ub4dd(Installed Gain)\uc744 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \uc720\uc9c0<\/strong>\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-small-font-size\"><code>{\n  \"chapter_info\": {\n    \"book_title\": \"Control Valve Handbook\",\n    \"edition\": \"6th Edition\",\n    \"chapter_number\": 2,\n    \"chapter_title\": \"Control Valve Performance\",\n    \"source_publisher\": \"Emerson Flow Controls\"\n  },\n  \"sections\": &#91;\n    {\n      \"section_id\": \"2.1\",\n      \"section_title\": \"Process Variability\",\n      \"summary\": \"\uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131\uc744 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc2a4 \uc81c\uc5b4\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \ubaa9\uc801\uc774\uba70, \uc81c\uc5b4 \ub8e8\ud504 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 80%\uac00 \ucd5c\uc885 \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc694\uc18c\uc778 \uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5b4\uc148\ube14\ub9ac\uc758 \ubbf8\ud761\ud55c \ub3d9\uc801 \uc751\ub2f5\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc778\ud568.\",\n      \"subsections\": &#91;\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.1.1\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Deadband\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc785\ub825 \uc2e0\ud638\uac00 \ubcc0\ud574\ub3c4 \ubc38\ube0c \ud2b8\ub9bc \uc704\uce58\uac00 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc2e0\ud638 \ubc94\uc704\ub85c \uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801 \uc9c4\ub3d9\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud568.\",\n          \"details\": {\n            \"2.1.1.1_causes\": \"\ud328\ud0b9 \ubc0f \uac00\uc2a4\ucf13 \ub9c8\ucc30, \uae30\uacc4\uc801 \ubc31\ub798\uc2dc, \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uac15\uc131 \ubd80\uc871\",\n            \"2.1.1.2_effects\": \"Stick-Slip \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801 Oscillation \ubc1c\uc0dd\",\n            \"2.1.1.3_performance_tests\": \"\ub2e8\uacc4 \uc751\ub2f5(Step Response) \ubc0f \uc2a4\ud15d \ubbfc\uac10\ub3c4 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc2e4\uc2dc\",\n            \"2.1.1.4_friction\": \"\ud328\ud0b9 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825\uc774 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc694\uc778\uc774\uba70 ENVIRO-SEAL \ub4f1 \uc800\ub9c8\ucc30 \uc7ac\uc9c8 \uc801\uc6a9 \ud544\uc694\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.1.2\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Actuator and Positioner Design\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \ubc0f \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uc758 \uc124\uacc4\uc640 \ub3d9\uc801 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \ubc38\ube0c \uc751\ub2f5 \uc815\ubc00\ub3c4\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud568.\",\n          \"system_dynamics\": {\n            \"without_positioner\": {\n              \"order\": \"1st Order Lag System\",\n              \"formula\": \"\\\\tau \\\\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = K \\\\cdot u(t)\",\n              \"description\": \"\uacf5\uc555 \uc2e0\ud638\uac00 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc720\uc785\ub418\uc5b4 \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uc6a9\uc801 \ubc0f \ubc30\uad00 \ub9c8\ucc30\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c 1\ucc28 \uc9c0\uc5f0 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc784\"\n            },\n            \"with_positioner\": {\n              \"order\": \"2nd Order System\",\n              \"formula\": \"\\\\frac{d^2 y(t)}{dt^2} + 2\\\\zeta\\\\omega_n \\\\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + \\\\omega_n^2 y(t) = K \\\\cdot \\\\omega_n^2 \\\\cdot u(t)\",\n              \"description\": \"\uc704\uce58 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31 \ud3d0\ub8e8\ud504 \ud615\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \uc2a4\ud480 \ubc38\ube0c \ubc0f \ud2b8\ub9bc\uc758 \uc9c8\ub7c9-\uc2a4\ud504\ub9c1-\uac10\uc1e0 \uae30\uacc4\uacc4\uac00 \uacb0\ud569\ub418\uc5b4 2\ucc28 \ub3d9\ud0dc \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ub428\"\n            }\n          },\n          \"positioner_advantages\": &#91;\n            \"\ub192\uc740 \ucc28\uc555 \ubc0f \ud328\ud0b9 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825, \ubd88\ud3c9\ud615\ub825 \uadf9\ubcf5\",\n            \"\uc9c0\uc5f0 \uc2dc\uac04(Dead Time) \ubc0f \ub3d9\uc801 \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04 \ucd95\uc18c\",\n            \"\ud788\uc2a4\ud14c\ub9ac\uc2dc\uc2a4 \ubc0f \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\",\n            \"\uc2e0\ud638 \ubcf4\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc720\ub7c9 \ud2b9\uc131 \ubcc0\uacbd \uc720\uc5f0\uc131 \ud655\ubcf4\"\n          ],\n          \"offset_deactivation_reasons\": {\n            \"summary\": \"\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\uc758 \uc624\ud504\uc14b(Integral Action) \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ube44\ud65c\uc131\ud654\ud558\uace0 P \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc704\uc8fc\ub85c \uc6b4\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\",\n            \"reasons\": &#91;\n              {\n                \"cause\": \"\uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30(DCS\/PLC)\uc640\uc758 \uc801\ubd84 \uc911\ubcf5(Double Integration)\",\n                \"effect\": \"\uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 2\uc911 \uc801\ubd84\uc774 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \ucd5c\ub300 180\ub3c4\uc758 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc9c0\uc5f0 \ubc0f \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ud5cc\ud305\/\ubc1c\uc9c4 \uc720\ubc1c\"\n              },\n              {\n                \"cause\": \"\uc2a4\ud2f1\uc158(Stiction)\uacfc \uc801\ubd84 \uc708\ub4dc\uc5c5(Integral Windup)\uc758 \uc545\uc21c\ud658\",\n                \"effect\": \"\uc815\uc9c0 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825 \uc644\ud654\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \uc801\ubd84\uac12\uc774 \ub204\uc801\ub418\ub2e4\uac00 \uc21c\uac04\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud280\uc5b4\ub098\uac00\ub294 Stick-Slip \ubc1c\uc9c4 \ubc1c\uc0dd\"\n              },\n              {\n                \"cause\": \"\uae30\uacc4\uc801 \ub9c8\ubaa8 \ubc29\uc9c0\",\n                \"effect\": \"\ubbf8\uc138 \uc624\ucc28 \ubcf4\uc815\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uacf5\uc555 \uc2a4\ud480\uc758 \ubbf8\uc138 \uc9c4\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ud328\ud0b9 \ubc0f \ubd80\ud488 \ub9c8\ubaa8 \ubc29\uc9c0\"\n              }\n            ],\n            \"conclusion\": \"\ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108\ub294 \ucd95 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ucd94\uc885\ud558\ub294 High-Gain P \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\ub85c \ub3d9\uc791\ud558\uace0, \uc794\uc5ec \uc624\ud504\uc14b \ubcf4\uc815\uc740 \uc0c1\uc704 \uc81c\uc5b4\uae30(Outer Loop)\uc758 Integral Action\uc5d0 \uc704\uc784\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.1.3\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Valve Response Time\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \uc2dc\uc791\ubd80\ud130 \ubc38\ube0c\uac00 \ubaa9\ud45c \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \ucd1d \uc2dc\uac04.\",\n          \"details\": {\n            \"2.1.3.1_dead_time\": \"\uc2e0\ud638 \ubcc0\ud654 \ud6c4 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc774\ub3d9\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0 \uc2dc\uac04\",\n            \"2.1.3.2_dynamic_time\": \"\uc2e4\uc81c \uc774\ub3d9 \uc2dc\uc791 \ud6c4 \ubaa9\ud45c \uc704\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\",\n            \"2.1.3.3_solutions\": \"\ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108, \ub300\uc6a9\ub7c9 \uc2a4\ud480 \ubc38\ube0c, \uacf5\uc555 \ubd80\uc2a4\ud130 \uc801\uc6a9\",\n            \"2.1.3.4_supply_pressure\": \"\uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uc555 \uacf5\uae09 \uc555\ub825 \ubc0f \uad00\uacbd \ud655\ubcf4 \ud544\uc218\",\n            \"2.1.3.5_minimizing_dead_time\": \"\uc6a9\ub7c9 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654 \ubc0f \ub9c8\ucc30 \uc800\uac10\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5f0 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\",\n            \"2.1.3.6_valve_response_time\": \"Small-step\uacfc Large-step \uc751\ub2f5 \uad6c\ubd84\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \ud3c9\uac00\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.1.4\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Valve Type and Characterization\",\n          \"description\": \"\ubc38\ube0c \uace0\uc720 \ud2b9\uc131\uacfc \uc124\uce58 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud558\uc5ec \uc801\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \ud568.\",\n          \"inherent_flow_characteristics\": &#91;\n            {\n              \"type\": \"Linear\",\n              \"formula_cv\": \"C_v = C_{v,\\\\text{max}} \\\\cdot h\",\n              \"inherent_gain_formula\": \"\\\\frac{dC_v}{dh} = C_{v,\\\\text{max}}\",\n              \"characteristics\": \"\ubc38\ube0c \uc704\uce58\uc640 \uc0c1\uad00\uc5c6\uc774 \ubc38\ube0c \uc790\uccb4 \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud568\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"type\": \"Equal Percentage\",\n              \"formula_cv\": \"C_v = C_{v,\\\\text{max}} \\\\cdot R^{(h - 1)}\",\n              \"inherent_gain_formula\": \"\\\\frac{dC_v}{dh} = (\\\\ln R) \\\\cdot C_v\",\n              \"characteristics\": \"\ubc38\ube0c \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \ud604\uc7ac \uc720\ub7c9(Cv)\uc5d0 \uc815\ube44\ub840\ud558\uc5ec \ucee4\uc9d0\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"type\": \"Quick Opening\",\n              \"formula_cv\": \"C_v \\\\approx C_{v,\\\\text{max}} \\\\cdot \\\\sqrt{h}\",\n              \"inherent_gain_formula\": \"N\/A\",\n              \"characteristics\": \"\ucd08\uae30 \uc774\ub3d9 \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub7c9 \uacc4\uc218\uac00 \uae09\uaca9\ud788 \uc99d\uac00\ud568\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"details\": {\n            \"2.1.4.1_installed_gain\": \"\uc720\ub7c9 \uc99d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ucc28\uc555 \uac10\uc18c\uac00 \ubc18\uc601\ub41c \uc2e4\uc81c \ubc30\uad00 \ub0b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc774\ub4dd(dQ\/dh)\",\n            \"2.1.4.2_loop_gain\": \"\uc81c\uc5b4\uae30, \ubc38\ube0c, \ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc2a4, \uc13c\uc11c \uc774\ub4dd\uc758 \uacf1\uc73c\ub85c \uc804 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc815 \uc218\uc900(0.5~2.0) \uc720\uc9c0 \ud544\uc694\",\n            \"2.1.4.3_process_optimization\": \"\ubc30\uad00 \uc800\ud56d \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc0c1\uc1c4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uace0\uc720 \ub4f1\ube44\uc728 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uce58 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc120\ud615\ud654\ud568\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.1.5\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Valve Sizing\",\n          \"description\": \"\uacfc\ub300 \uc0ac\uc774\uc9d5(Oversizing) \uc2dc \uc800\uac1c\ub3c4 \uc6b4\uc804\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc \uc545\ud654 \ubc0f \ub8e8\ud504 \uac8c\uc778 \uacfc\ub3c4 \uc99d\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"section_id\": \"2.2\",\n      \"section_title\": \"Economic Results\",\n      \"summary\": \"\uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131 \ucd95\uc18c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uacf5\uc815 \uc6b4\uc804 \ud55c\uacc4\uc120\uc5d0 \uac00\uae5d\uac8c \uc6b4\uc804 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uba70, \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc808\uac10, \uc7ac\uc791\uc5c5 \uac10\uc18c \ubc0f \uc218\uc728 \uadf9\ub300\ud654 \ub2ec\uc131\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"section_id\": \"2.3\",\n      \"section_title\": \"Signature Series Performance Testing\",\n      \"summary\": \"\ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ubc38\ube0c \ucee8\ud2b8\ub864\ub7ec\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \uc815\ubc00 \uc9c4\ub2e8 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uae30\ubc95\",\n      \"subsections\": &#91;\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.3.1\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Signature Series 1\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc218\uc2e0 \uc2e0\ud638 \ub300 \uc774\ub3d9 \uac70\ub9ac\uc758 \uc815\uc801 \uad00\uacc4, \uc120\ud615\uc131 \ubc0f \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub85c\ud06c \ubc94\uc704 \ud3c9\uac00\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.3.2\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Signature Series 2\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc774\ub3d9 \uac70\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc561\ucd94\uc5d0\uc774\ud130 \uc555\ub825, \ud328\ud0b9 \ub9c8\ucc30\ub825, \ubca4\uce58 \uc138\ud2b8, \uc88c\uc11d \ub2eb\ud798\ub825 \uce21\uc815\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"subsection_id\": \"2.3.3\",\n          \"subsection_title\": \"Signature Series 3\",\n          \"description\": \"\uc8fc\ud30c\uc218 \uc751\ub2f5, \ub3d9\uc801 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc, \uc2a4\ud15d \uc751\ub2f5\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885 \ub3d9\uc801 \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubd84\uc11d\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"section_id\": \"2.4\",\n      \"section_title\": \"Summary\",\n      \"summary\": \"\uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \ub370\ub4dc\ubc34\ub4dc, \ub9c8\ucc30, \uc751\ub2f5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \uc904\uc774\uace0, \ud3ec\uc9c0\uc154\ub108 \uc801\uc6a9 \uc2dc 2\ucc28 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uc751\ub2f5\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud558\uc5ec \uc801\ubd84 \uc911\ubcf5 \ubc29\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc624\ud504\uc14b \ube44\ud65c\uc131\ud654(P \uc81c\uc5b4)\ub97c \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uba70, \ubc30\uad00 \uc190\uc2e4\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud55c \ub4f1\ube44\uc728 \ud2b9\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uce58 \uc774\ub4dd\uc744 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uacf5\uc815 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc784\"\n    }\n  ]\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 2: Control Valve Performance (\uc81c\uc5b4 \ubc38\ube0c \uc131\ub2a5) 2.1 Process Variability (\uacf5\uc815 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131) \uc81c\ud488 \ud488\uc9c8 \ud5a5\uc0c1, \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uc6d0\uac00 \uc808\uac10, \uc548\uc804\uc131 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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