Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \u2014 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0<\/title>\n<style>\n :root{\n --navy:#1c385c;\n --blue:#e6edf5;\n --blue2:#f5f8fc;\n --ink:#20252c;\n --muted:#5f6874;\n --line:#cfd8e3;\n --green:#ebf6ef;\n --yellow:#fff8df;\n --accent:#a45a18;\n --white:#fff;\n }\n *{box-sizing:border-box}\n html{scroll-behavior:smooth}\n body{\n margin:0;\n font-family:\"Noto Sans KR\",\"Malgun Gothic\",\"Apple SD Gothic Neo\",Arial,sans-serif;\n color:var(--ink);\n background:#eef2f6;\n line-height:1.72;\n }\n .page{\n width:min(1120px,calc(100% - 28px));\n margin:22px auto 60px;\n background:var(--white);\n box-shadow:0 12px 36px rgba(28,56,92,.12);\n border-radius:18px;\n overflow:hidden;\n }\n header{\n padding:52px 54px 36px;\n color:#fff;\n background:\n linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(28,56,92,.98),rgba(55,94,139,.94)),\n radial-gradient(circle at 90% 10%,rgba(255,255,255,.22),transparent 35%);\n }\n header h1{\n margin:0 0 10px;\n font-size:clamp(30px,4vw,50px);\n line-height:1.23;\n letter-spacing:-.04em;\n }\n header p{\n margin:0;\n font-size:clamp(16px,2vw,21px);\n opacity:.9;\n }\n .content{padding:34px 54px 58px}\n nav.toc{\n background:var(--blue2);\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n border-radius:14px;\n padding:20px 24px;\n margin-bottom:30px;\n }\n nav.toc strong{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;color:var(--navy)}\n nav.toc a{\n display:inline-block;\n margin:4px 14px 4px 0;\n color:var(--navy);\n text-decoration:none;\n font-weight:700;\n font-size:14px;\n }\n section{scroll-margin-top:20px;margin:42px 0}\n h2{\n color:var(--navy);\n font-size:28px;\n letter-spacing:-.03em;\n border-bottom:3px solid var(--navy);\n padding-bottom:8px;\n margin:0 0 22px;\n }\n h3{\n color:var(--navy);\n font-size:21px;\n margin:28px 0 12px;\n letter-spacing:-.02em;\n }\n h4{font-size:17px;margin:22px 0 8px}\n p{margin:10px 0}\n .box{\n border-radius:12px;\n padding:17px 20px;\n margin:18px 0;\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n }\n .key{background:var(--blue);border-color:#8da7c3}\n .warn{background:var(--yellow);border-color:#d4a35e}\n .example{background:var(--green);border-color:#88b89b}\n .box .title{\n font-weight:800;\n color:var(--navy);\n margin-bottom:8px;\n }\n .math{\n margin:16px auto;\n text-align:center;\n overflow-x:auto;\n padding:8px 6px;\n }\n .flow{\n display:flex;\n flex-wrap:wrap;\n gap:10px;\n align-items:center;\n justify-content:center;\n margin:18px 0;\n }\n .flow .step{\n background:var(--blue2);\n border:1.5px solid #8da7c3;\n color:var(--navy);\n font-weight:800;\n border-radius:10px;\n padding:11px 15px;\n text-align:center;\n min-width:145px;\n }\n .flow .arrow{font-weight:900;color:var(--navy);font-size:20px}\n table{\n width:100%;\n border-collapse:collapse;\n margin:16px 0 24px;\n font-size:15px;\n }\n thead th{\n background:var(--navy);\n color:#fff;\n padding:11px 10px;\n text-align:left;\n font-weight:800;\n }\n tbody td{\n border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);\n padding:10px;\n vertical-align:top;\n }\n tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#fafbfd}\n code{\n background:#f1f4f7;\n padding:.1em .35em;\n border-radius:5px;\n }\n ul,ol{padding-left:1.35rem}\n .small{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}\n .formula-card{\n display:grid;\n grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(280px,1fr));\n gap:14px;\n margin:18px 0;\n }\n .formula-card .item{\n background:#f8fafc;\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n border-radius:12px;\n padding:14px 16px;\n }\n .formula-card .item strong{display:block;color:var(--navy);margin-bottom:6px}\n .story{\n display:grid;\n gap:10px;\n margin:24px 0;\n }\n .story .row{\n display:grid;\n grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;\n gap:12px;\n align-items:start;\n }\n .story .num{\n width:40px;height:40px;\n border-radius:50%;\n background:var(--navy);\n color:#fff;\n display:flex;\n align-items:center;\n justify-content:center;\n font-weight:800;\n }\n .story .body{\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n background:#fbfcfe;\n border-radius:10px;\n padding:11px 14px;\n }\n footer{\n padding:24px 54px 34px;\n color:var(--muted);\n background:#f7f9fb;\n border-top:1px solid var(--line);\n font-size:14px;\n }\n @media(max-width:720px){\n .page{width:100%;margin:0;border-radius:0}\n header,.content,footer{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}\n .flow{align-items:stretch;flex-direction:column}\n .flow .arrow{transform:rotate(90deg);align-self:center}\n table{font-size:13px}\n }\n @media print{\n body{background:#fff}\n .page{box-shadow:none;width:100%;margin:0}\n nav.toc{display:none}\n section{break-inside:avoid-page}\n a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}\n }\n<\/style>\n<script>\nwindow.MathJax = {\n tex: {inlineMath: [['\\\\(','\\\\)']], displayMath: [['\\\\[','\\\\]']]},\n svg: {fontCache: 'global'}\n};\n<\/script>\n<script defer src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/mathjax@3\/es5\/tex-svg.js\"><\/script>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<main class=\"page\">\n<header>\n <h1>Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac<\/h1>\n <p>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL, \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc, \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0<\/p>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"content\">\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ubc94\uc704<\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 5\ub97c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\uc74c \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ubaa9\ud45c PFD\u00b7PFH<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ubaa9\ud45c SIL<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\u03bb\u00b7\u03bc\u00b7MDT\u00b7T<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc2e4\uc81c PFD\u00b7PFH<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <nav class=\"toc\">\n <strong>\ubaa9\ucc28<\/strong>\n <a href=\"#terms\">1. \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704<\/a>\n <a href=\"#lambda\">2. \u03bb\uc640 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960<\/a>\n <a href=\"#q\">3. \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4 Q<\/a>\n <a href=\"#modes\">4. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/a>\n <a href=\"#dddu\">5. DD\u00b7DU<\/a>\n <a href=\"#risk\">6. \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc SIL<\/a>\n <a href=\"#allocation\">7. \ubd80\ud488 \uc694\uad6c\uce58<\/a>\n <a href=\"#ccf\">8. \uc911\ubcf5\u00b7CCF<\/a>\n <a href=\"#story\">9. \uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac<\/a>\n <\/nav>\n\n <section id=\"terms\">\n <h2>1. \uba3c\uc800 \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704\u00b7\ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h2>\n <p>\uae30\ub2a5\uc548\uc804 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8, \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ube48\ub3c4, \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960, \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \ud568\uaed8 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\ub4e4\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc640 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>1.1 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \ubaa9\ud45c<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uc6a9\uc5b4<\/th><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><th>\ub2e8\uc704<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Maximum Tolerable Risk<\/b><\/td><td>\\(R_{\\max}\\)<\/td><td>\uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Maximum Tolerable Failure Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(F_{H,\\max}\\)<\/td><td>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960<\/b><\/td><td>\\(p_i\\)<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ub178\ucd9c\u00b7\uc810\ud654\u00b7\uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub420 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Demand Frequency<\/b><\/td><td>\\(F_D\\)<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc0ac\uac74 \ub610\ub294 \uc694\uad6c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>PFD<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFD\\)<\/td><td>Demand\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud560 \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Average PFD<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/td><td>Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uade0\ud55c PFD<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>PFH<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFH\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>SIL<\/b><\/td><td>SIL 1~4<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc758 \uc774\uc0b0 \ub4f1\uae09<\/td><td>\uc5c6\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>1.2 \ubd80\ud488 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc2dc\uac04 \uad00\ub828 \uc6a9\uc5b4<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uc6a9\uc5b4<\/th><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><th>\ub2e8\uc704<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\lambda\\)<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc804\uc774\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Repair Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\mu\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Mean Down Time<\/b><\/td><td>\\(MDT\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\ub2a5 \ubcf5\uad6c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Mean Repair Time<\/b><\/td><td>\\(MRT\\)<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc218\ub9ac\uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Proof Test Interval<\/b><\/td><td>\\(T\\)<\/td><td>\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ucc3e\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc7a0\ubcf5\uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uac04\uaca9<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\), yr<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Unavailability<\/b><\/td><td>\\(Q\\)<\/td><td>\uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Beta Factor<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\beta\\)<\/td><td>\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc911 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac00\uc7a5 \uba3c\uc800 \uad6c\ubd84\ud560 \uac83<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{F_{H,\\max}\\neq\\lambda}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ubc38\ube0c \uac19\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"lambda\">\n <h2>2. \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc758 \uad00\uacc4<\/h2>\n <p>\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[[\\lambda]=\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74 \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud655\ub960\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{P_f(t)=1-e^{-\\lambda t}}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda t\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{P_f(t)\\approx\\lambda t}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(\\lambda\\)<\/strong>\ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960<br><span class=\"small\">\ub2e8\uc704: \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(\\lambda t\\)<\/strong>\uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\uc704\ud5d8\ub3c4<br><span class=\"small\">\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(1-e^{-\\lambda t}\\)<\/strong>\uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4 \ucd5c\uc18c \ud55c \ubc88 \uace0\uc7a5\ub0a0 \ud655\ub960<br><span class=\"small\">\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"q\">\n <h2>3. \uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \ubcf5\uad6c\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud55c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4 \\(Q\\)<\/h2>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc815\uc0c1<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u03bb \u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u03bc \u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc815\uc0c1<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\mu\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc624\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <h3>3.1 MDT\uc640\uc758 \uad00\uacc4<\/h3>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ud6a8 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\uc744 \\(\\mu=1\/MDT\\)\ub85c \ub450\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q\n =\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\frac1{MDT}}\n =\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda MDT\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q\\approx\\lambda MDT}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{\ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4}\\approx\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc18d\ub3c4}\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}}\\]<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>3.2 \\(Q\\)\uc640 PFD<\/h3>\n <p>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 Demand\uac00 \uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74, Demand \uc21c\uac04\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960\uc744 PFD\ub85c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{PFD\\approx Q}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc8fc\uc758<\/div>\n <p>\ubaa8\ub4e0 \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 PFD\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc784\uc758 Demand \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc804\uc81c\ub85c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"modes\">\n <h2>4. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc758 \ubd84\ub958<\/h2>\n\n <h3>4.1 \uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uad6c\ubd84<\/th><th>\uc9c8\ubb38<\/th><th>\uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Cause<\/b><\/td><td>\uc65c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\ubd80\uc2dd, \uacb0\ube59, \uc804\uc6d0 \uc0c1\uc2e4, \uc124\uacc4 \uc624\ub958<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Mode<\/b><\/td><td>\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29, \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Effect<\/b><\/td><td>\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c, \ube44\uc0c1\ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778}\\rightarrow\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\\rightarrow\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <h3>4.2 Safe \ub610\ub294 Dangerous\uc758 \uae30\uc900<\/h3>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc815\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Demand, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \uba3c\uc800 \uc815\uc758\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\uc5f4\ub9bc \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc694\uad6c \uc5c6\uc774 \ub2eb\ud798<\/td><td>\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc911\ub2e8, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc774\ub3d9<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2eb\ud798\uc2dc\uac04 \ucd08\uacfc<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub0b4\ubd80 \ub204\uc124<\/td><td>\uc644\uc804\ud55c \uaca9\ub9ac \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc704\uce58 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31 \uc624\ub958<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc0c1\ud0dc \uc624\ud310<\/td><td>\uc601\ud5a5 \ubd84\uc11d \ud544\uc694<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>4.3 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ubd84\ud574<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n =\n \\lambda_{SD}\n +\n \\lambda_{SU}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD}\n +\n \\lambda_{DU}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uba85\uce6d<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{SD}\\)<\/td><td>Safe Detected<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/td><td>Safe Undetected<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)<\/td><td>Dangerous Detected<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><td>Dangerous Undetected<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 Proof Test \ub610\ub294 Demand \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"dddu\">\n <h2>5. \uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5<\/h2>\n\n <h3>5.1 \uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5 \\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)<\/h3>\n <p>\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba74 \uc218\ub9ac\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\mu=1\/MDT_{DD}\\)\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n {1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uac80\ucd9c \ud6c4 Down Time\uc740 \ub300\ub7b5 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[MDT_{DD}\\approx MRT+L\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(L\\)\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\ud5c8\uac00, \uc815\ube44\uc778\ub825 \ub3c4\ucc29, \uc608\ube44\ud488 \ud655\ubcf4, \ubcf5\uad6c\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>5.2 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc7a0\ubcf5<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">Proof Test \uac80\ucd9c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc218\ub9ac<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(T\\)\uc774\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740 \\(T\/2\\)\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n MDT_{DU}\n \\approx\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\right)\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(T\/2\\)\uac00 \uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \ud06c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\approx\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q\\approx\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}}\\]<\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)<\/li>\n <li>DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>5.3 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 PFD \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T_i}{2}+MRT_i+L_i\n \\right)\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc9e7\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"risk\">\n <h2>6. \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uae4c\uc9c0<\/h2>\n\n <h3>6.1 Maximum Tolerable Risk\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub85c<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\prod_i p_i\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{R_{\\max}}{\\prod_i p_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.2 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_D\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{F_D}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.3 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \uc9c1\uc811 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uace0 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\uac00 \uc5f0\uac04 \ub2e8\uc704\ub77c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{8760}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.4 SIL \uad6c\uac04<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>SIL<\/th><th>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/th><th>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \\(PFH\\,[\\mathrm{h}^{-1}]\\)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>4<\/td><td>\\(10^{-5}\\le PFD<10^{-4}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-9}\\le PFH<10^{-8}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>3<\/td><td>\\(10^{-4}\\le PFD<10^{-3}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-8}\\le PFH<10^{-7}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>2<\/td><td>\\(10^{-3}\\le PFD<10^{-2}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-7}\\le PFH<10^{-6}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>1<\/td><td>\\(10^{-2}\\le PFD<10^{-1}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-6}\\le PFH<10^{-5}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">SIL\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/div>\n <p>\uba3c\uc800 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub2e4\uc74c \ubaa9\ud45c PFD \ub610\ub294 PFH\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uace0 SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc744 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \ub4f1\uae09\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"allocation\">\n <h2>7. \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0<\/h2>\n\n <h3>7.1 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uad6c\uc131<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc13c\uc11c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc774\uace0 \uac01 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\\approx PFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc608\uc0b0 \ubc30\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>7.2 \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uacb0\uacfc<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_S\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428<\/td><td>\uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/td><td>\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_D\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n =\n \\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n +\\cdots\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>7.3 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc5ed\uc0b0<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n \\le\n PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\le\n \\frac{\n 2\\left(\n PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n –\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n \\right)\n }{T_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\le\n \\frac{2PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}}{T_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box example\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uacc4\uc0b0 \uc608<\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\), Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c \\(8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n =\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"ccf\">\n <h2>8. \uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5<\/h2>\n <p>\uc55e\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0b0\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c \ud56d\ubaa9\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo3 \ub4f1\uc758 Voting \uad6c\uc870<\/li>\n <li>\uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704<\/li>\n <li>Proof Test Coverage<\/li>\n <li>\uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass<\/li>\n <li>\uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd<\/li>\n <li>\ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131<\/li>\n <li>\uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n =\n f\\left(\n \\lambda_{DU},\n \\lambda_{DD},\n T,\n MDT,\n \\text{Voting},\n \\beta,\n \\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n \\right)\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>1oo2 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub3d9\uc2dc\uace0\uc7a5 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, CCF\ub294 \ub450 \ucc44\ub110\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \uc791\uc740 \\(\\beta\\)\ub3c4 \uc804\uccb4 PFD\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"story\">\n <h2>9. \uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac<\/h2>\n\n <p>\uc55e\uc758 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uac01 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc640 \uc218\uc2dd\uc744 \uac1c\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc124\uacc4\ub418\ub294 \uc21c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc804\uccb4 \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"story\">\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">1<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">2<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>Maximum Tolerable Risk \\(R_{\\max}\\)\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">3<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">4<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc800\uc218\uc694\uc774\uba74 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD, \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d\uc774\uba74 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">5<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">6<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">7<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">8<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \\(\\lambda_{SD},\\lambda_{SU},\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\\)\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">9<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>DD\uc5d0\ub294 \\(Q=\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\approx\\lambda MDT\\), DU\uc5d0\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">10<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>Voting\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7CCF\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc81c PFD \ub610\ub294 PFH\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">11<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc774 \ucd5c\ucd08 \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.1 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\text{\uc555\ub825 \uc0c1\uc2b9}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc704\ud5d8\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ub204\ucd9c}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc810\ud654}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc0ac\ub9dd}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc608<\/div>\n <p>\uc555\ub825\uc774 \uc124\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2dc\uac04 \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \ub2eb\uc544 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uc744 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Trip \uc124\uc815\uac12, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \ubcf4\ud638\ub300\uc0c1\uacfc \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc815\uc758\uac00 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29\uc774\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29\uc744 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.2 Maximum Tolerable Risk\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n \\text{\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc5f0\uac04 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \\(10^{-5}\\) \uc774\ud558\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0ac\ub78c \ub610\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.3 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30\uac00 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub204\ucd9c\ud655\ub960, \uc810\ud654\ud655\ub960, \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub178\ucd9c\ud655\ub960, \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud655\ub960 \ub4f1\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\prod_i p_i\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{R_{\\max}}{\\prod_i p_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr},\n \\qquad\n \\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n =\n 10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uba70, \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.4 \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc640 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \ub4dc\ubb3c\uac8c \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uba74 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uace0 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba74 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uace0 PFH\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFH\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(F_D\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n =\n F_D\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uace0, \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{F_D}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uac00,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[F_D=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n =\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.5 \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}=5\\times10^{-3}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c \ubc94\uc704\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n 10^{-3}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n <\n 10^{-2}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc740 SIL 2\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{Target SIL}=SIL~2}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4<\/div>\n <p>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 SIL 2\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>SIL 2\uc758 \uc0c1\ud55c\uc778 \\(10^{-2}\\)\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\uba74 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uc870\uac74\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub290\uc2a8\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.6 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc13c\uc11c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc758 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\\approx PFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\\]<\/div>\n <p>\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c<\/th><th>\uc608\uc2dc PFD \uc608\uc0b0<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\uc13c\uc11c<\/td><td>\\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/td><td>\\(0.5\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/td><td>\\(3.0\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>\ud569\uacc4<\/b><\/td><td><b>\\(5.0\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/b><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <p>\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc608\uc2dc\uc774\ub2e4. \ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ubcc4 \ubc30\ubd84\ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.7 \uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ubc14\ub85c PFD \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub123\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc7a5\ub098\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud568<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428<\/td><td>\uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/td><td>\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 \ubd80\ud488 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.8 \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uace0\uc7a5\ubc94\uc8fc\ubcc4\ub85c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n =\n \\lambda_{SD}\n +\n \\lambda_{SU}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD}\n +\n \\lambda_{DU}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n =\n \\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n +\\cdots\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.9 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc640 PFD\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uba74 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728 \\(\\mu\\)\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\mu=1\/MDT_{DD}\\)\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n {1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\ubc18\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n MDT_{DU}\n \\approx\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\right)\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q\\approx\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)<\/li>\n <li>DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.10 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c PFD\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc774 \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\), Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\)\uc774\uace0 DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc790.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}}{T}\n =\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc81c\ud55c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <p>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 1oo2 \ub610\ub294 2oo3 \uad6c\uc870\ub77c\uba74 Voting, \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704, Proof Test Coverage, Bypass, \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd, \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uacfc CCF\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n =\n f\\left(\n \\lambda_{DU},\n \\lambda_{DD},\n T,\n MDT,\n \\text{Voting},\n \\beta,\n \\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n \\right)\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.11 \ucc98\uc74c \uc124\uc815\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uc740 SIL \uba85\uce6d\ub07c\ub9ac \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc98\uc74c \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\le PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\le PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.12 \uc804\uccb4 \uc218\uce58 \uc608\uc81c<\/h3>\n <div class=\"box example\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc13c\uc11c \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"math\">\\[R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n =\n 10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[F_D=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n =\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub2e4\uc74c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}=1.5\\times10^{-3}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[T=8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\]<\/div>\n <p>DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n =\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uace0, \ucd5c\ucd08 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc778 \\(5\\times10^{-3}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\begin{aligned}\n \\text{\uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 }\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc2dc\uac04\uc694\uc18c }MDT,T\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c }PFD\/PFH\n \\end{aligned}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<footer>\n <b>\ucc38\uace0:<\/b> David J. Smith and Kenneth G. L. Simpson, <i>The Safety Critical Systems Handbook<\/i>, Chapters 1, 2, and 5.\n<\/footer>\n<\/main>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9\uc758 \uc0bd\uc785.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b3b647ca-308b-43fa-bf29-d7aa38331ab2\" href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\">TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b3b647ca-308b-43fa-bf29-d7aa38331ab2\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}\n\n% Overleaf compiler: pdfLaTeX\n\\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\n\\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\n\\usepackage{kotex}\n\\usepackage[margin=20mm]{geometry}\n\\usepackage{setspace}\n\\usepackage{booktabs}\n\\usepackage{tabularx}\n\\usepackage{array}\n\\usepackage{enumitem}\n\\usepackage{xcolor}\n\\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,mathtools}\n\\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}\n\\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}\n\\usepackage{tikz}\n\\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,positioning,shapes.geometric,fit}\n\n\\setstretch{1.16}\n\\setlength{\\parindent}{0pt}\n\\setlength{\\parskip}{0.48em}\n\\setlist[itemize]{leftmargin=1.7em,itemsep=2pt,topsep=3pt}\n\\setlist[enumerate]{leftmargin=2.0em,itemsep=3pt,topsep=4pt}\n\\renewcommand{\\arraystretch}{1.30}\n\\sloppy\n\n\\definecolor{navy}{RGB}{28,56,92}\n\\definecolor{bluegray}{RGB}{230,237,245}\n\\definecolor{lightgray}{RGB}{246,247,249}\n\\definecolor{darkgray}{RGB}{65,70,78}\n\\definecolor{softyellow}{RGB}{255,248,223}\n\\definecolor{softgreen}{RGB}{235,246,239}\n\\definecolor{accent}{RGB}{164,90,24}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{keybox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=bluegray,\n colframe=navy,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{warningbox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=softyellow,\n colframe=accent,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{examplebox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=softgreen,\n colframe=navy,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newcommand{\\term}[1]{\\textbf{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\eng}[1]{\\textit{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\unit}[1]{\\,\\mathrm{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\Rmax}{R_{\\max}}\n\\newcommand{\\FHmax}{F_{H,\\max}}\n\\newcommand{\\FD}{F_D}\n\\newcommand{\\PFDavg}{PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}}\n\n\\title{\\textbf{Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac}\\\\[0.35em]\n\\Large \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0}\n\\author{\\eng{The Safety Critical Systems Handbook} \uae30\ubc18 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub178\ud2b8}\n\\date{}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\maketitle\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\ubb38\uc11c \ubc94\uc704}\n\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 Chapter 3\uc758 \ud558\ub4dc\uc6e8\uc5b4 \uc124\uacc4 \uc694\uad6c\uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc11c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nChapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 5\ub97c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\uc74c \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\n\\rightarrow\n\\lambda,\\mu,MDT,T\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2e4\uc81c }PFD\/PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\tableofcontents\n\\newpage\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uba3c\uc800 \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704\u00b7\ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uae30\ub2a5\uc548\uc804 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8, \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ube48\ub3c4, \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960,\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \ud568\uaed8 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\ub4e4\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc640 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \ubaa9\ud45c}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{\\textwidth}{\n>{\\raggedright\\arraybackslash\\bfseries}p{0.25\\textwidth}\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.14\\textwidth}\nX\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.12\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uc6a9\uc5b4 & \uae30\ud638 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\nMaximum Tolerable Risk\n& \\(\\Rmax\\)\n& \uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nMaximum Tolerable Failure Rate\n& \\(\\FHmax\\)\n& \ud574\ub2f9 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\n\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\n& \\(p_i\\)\n& \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ub178\ucd9c\u00b7\uc810\ud654\u00b7\uc0ac\ub9dd \ub4f1 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub420 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nDemand Frequency\n& \\(\\FD\\)\n& \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc0ac\uac74 \ub610\ub294 \uc694\uad6c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nProbability of Failure on Demand\n& \\(PFD\\)\n& Demand\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud560 \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nAverage PFD\n& \\(\\PFDavg\\)\n& Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uade0\ud55c PFD\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nProbability of dangerous Failure per Hour\n& \\(PFH\\)\n& \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nSafety Integrity Level\n& SIL\n& \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc758 \uc774\uc0b0 \ub4f1\uae09\n& \uc5c6\uc74c \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\ubd80\ud488 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc2dc\uac04 \uad00\ub828 \uc6a9\uc5b4}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{\\textwidth}{\n>{\\raggedright\\arraybackslash\\bfseries}p{0.25\\textwidth}\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.14\\textwidth}\nX\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.12\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uc6a9\uc5b4 & \uae30\ud638 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\nFailure Rate\n& \\(\\lambda\\)\n& \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc804\uc774\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nRepair or Restoration Rate\n& \\(\\mu\\)\n& \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nMean Down Time\n& \\(MDT\\)\n& \uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\ub2a5 \ubcf5\uad6c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\) \\\\\n\nMean Repair Time\n& \\(MRT\\)\n& \uc2e4\uc81c \uc218\ub9ac\uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\) \\\\\n\nProof Test Interval\n& \\(T\\)\n& \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ucc3e\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc7a0\ubcf5\uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uac04\uaca9\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\), yr \\\\\n\nUnavailability\n& \\(Q\\)\n& \uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nBeta Factor\n& \\(\\beta\\)\n& \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc911 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{\uac00\uc7a5 \uba3c\uc800 \ubc14\ub85c\uc7a1\uc544\uc57c \ud560 \ud45c\ud604}\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubb38\uc7a5\uc0c1 ``failure rate''\ub85c \ubcf4\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\FHmax\\neq\\lambda}\n\\]\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ubc38\ube0c \ub4f1\uc758 \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\\(\\lambda\\), \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960, \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc758 \uad00\uacc4}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4}\n\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n[\\lambda]=\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\n\\]\n\n\uc77c\uc815\ud55c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74 \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud655\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nP_f(t)=1-e^{-\\lambda t}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\lambda t\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nP_f(t)\\approx\\lambda t\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.94\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.22\\textwidth}Xp{0.17\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\ud45c\ud604 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\\(\\lambda\\) & \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 & \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\\(\\lambda t\\) & \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\uc704\ud5d8\ub3c4 \ub610\ub294 \uae30\ub300 \uace0\uc7a5\ud69f\uc218 & \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\(1-e^{-\\lambda t}\\) & \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4 \ucd5c\uc18c \ud55c \ubc88 \uace0\uc7a5\ub0a0 \ud655\ub960 & \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\ubcf5\uad6c \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubd80\ud488\uc758 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378}\n\n\ubcf5\uad6c \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubd80\ud488\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c \ub450 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \ubc18\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda}\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n}\n\\]\n\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\uace0,\n\\(\\mu\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ube60\uc838\ub098\uc624\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(P_U\\), \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(P_D\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74 \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nP_U\\lambda=P_D\\mu\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\nP_U+P_D=1\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ=P_D=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{MDT\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ud45c\ud604}\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ud6a8 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\uc744,\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\frac{1}{MDT}}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\lambda MDT\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\\approx\\lambda MDT\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc2dd\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4}\n\\approx\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc18d\ub3c4}\n\\times\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560\uc218\ub85d \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0, \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uac00 \uc624\ub798 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub420\uc218\ub85d \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\subsection{\\(Q\\)\uc640 PFD\uc758 \uad00\uacc4}\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 Demand\uac00 \uc6b4\uc804\uae30\uac04 \uc911 \uc784\uc758\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\nDemand \uc21c\uac04\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc774\uba74 \uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{PFD\\approx Q}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub294 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc784\uc758 Demand \uac00\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ubaa8\ub4e0 \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 PFD\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc758 \ubd84\ub958}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.94\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.22\\textwidth}XX}\n\\toprule\n\uad6c\ubd84 & \uc9c8\ubb38 & \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\nFailure Cause & \uc65c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00? & \ubd80\uc2dd, \uacb0\ube59, \uc804\uc6d0 \uc0c1\uc2e4, \uc124\uacc4 \uc624\ub958 \\\\\nFailure Mode & \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00? & \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29, \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29 \\\\\nFailure Effect & \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294\uac00? & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c, \ube44\uc0c1\ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc218\ubd84 \uacb0\ube59}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{Safe \ub610\ub294 Dangerous\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc815\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub2e4\uc74c \uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \uba3c\uc800 \uc815\uc758\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{enumerate}\n \\item \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\n \\item \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\n \\item Demand\n \\item \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04\n \\item \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\n\\end{enumerate}\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{quote}\n\uc555\ub825\uc774 \\(10\\unit{bar}\\)\ub97c \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \\(2\\unit{s}\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub2eb\ub294\ub2e4.\n\\end{quote}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.27\\textwidth}Xp{0.18\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5 & \ubd84\ub958 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\uc5f4\ub9bc \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uace0\ucc29 & \uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\uc694\uad6c \uc5c6\uc774 \ub2eb\ud798 & \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc911\ub2e8, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc774\ub3d9 & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub2eb\ud798\uc2dc\uac04 \ucd08\uacfc & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub0b4\ubd80 \ub204\uc124 & \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uaca9\ub9ac \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\uc704\uce58 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31 \uc624\ub958 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uc0c1\ud0dc \uc624\ud310 & \uc601\ud5a5 \ubd84\uc11d \ud544\uc694 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ubd84\ud574}\n\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uacfc \uac80\ucd9c \uc5ec\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ubcc4\ub3c4 \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n+\n\\lambda_{NE}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.18\\textwidth}p{0.28\\textwidth}X}\n\\toprule\n\uae30\ud638 & \uba85\uce6d & \uc758\ubbf8 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\\(\\lambda_{SD}\\) & Safe Detected & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428 \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{SU}\\) & Safe Undetected & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{DD}\\) & Dangerous Detected & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428 \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) & Dangerous Undetected & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 Proof Test \ub610\ub294 Demand \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{NE}\\) & No Effect & \ud574\ub2f9 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5: \\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)}\n\n\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba74 \uc218\ub9ac\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda_{DD}}\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \uac80\ucd9c}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\]\n\n\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n{1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0, \uc791\uc740 \uac12\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\\approx\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uac80\ucd9c \ud6c4 Down Time\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nMDT_{DD}\\approx MRT+L\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \\(L\\)\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\ud5c8\uac00, \uc815\ube44\uc778\ub825 \ub3c4\ucc29, \uc608\ube44\ud488 \ud655\ubcf4, \ubcf5\uad6c\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5: \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud574\ub3c4 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc7a0\ubcf5}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{Proof Test\uc5d0\uc11c \uac80\ucd9c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc218\ub9ac}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c \\(T\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\frac{T}{2}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nMDT_{DU}\n\\approx\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\right)\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ubcf4\ud1b5 \\(T\/2\\)\uac00 \uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ud06c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\PFDavg\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc65c \\(\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\)\ub97c DU\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\uac00}\n\n\\[\nQ=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 DU \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc989\uc2dc \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c DU\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Proof Test \ub300\uae30\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0 Down Time\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\\approx\n\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)\n \\item DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\subsection{\ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 PFD \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd}\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T_i}{2}+MRT_i+L_i\n\\right)\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc9e7\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{\uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9 \uc870\uac74}\n\uc774 \uc2dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uacfc \uc791\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc744 \uc804\uc81c\ub85c \ud55c \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.\n\uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870, \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5, \ubd88\uc644\uc804 Proof Test, \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\uac00 \uc788\uc73c\uba74 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uae4c\uc9c0}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub85c}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\ub294 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(p_i\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\FHmax\n\\prod_i p_i\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{\\Rmax}{\\prod_i p_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\Rmax\\)\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc774\uace0,\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\ub294 \uadf8 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD}\n\n\ubcf4\ud638\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 Demand\ub97c \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(\\FD\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n=\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc794\uc5ec \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ube48\ub3c4\ub294 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4 \uc774\ud558\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\FHmax\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{\\FD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH}\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc640 \uc9c1\uc811 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uace0,\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\uac00 \uc5f0\uac04 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{8760}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc73c\ub85c \ud658\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\ub2e4\ub978 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc774\ub098 \ubcf4\ud638\uacc4\uce35\uc774 \uc788\uc73c\uba74 \uc774\ub97c \uba3c\uc800 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{SIL \uad6c\uac04}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.90\\textwidth}{p{0.15\\textwidth}XX}\n\\toprule\nSIL & \uc800\uc218\uc694 \\(\\PFDavg\\) & \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \\(PFH\\,[\\mathrm{h}^{-1}]\\) \\\\\n\\midrule\n4 & \\(10^{-5}\\le PFD<10^{-4}\\) & \\(10^{-9}\\le PFH<10^{-8}\\) \\\\\n3 & \\(10^{-4}\\le PFD<10^{-3}\\) & \\(10^{-8}\\le PFH<10^{-7}\\) \\\\\n2 & \\(10^{-3}\\le PFD<10^{-2}\\) & \\(10^{-7}\\le PFH<10^{-6}\\) \\\\\n1 & \\(10^{-2}\\le PFD<10^{-1}\\) & \\(10^{-6}\\le PFH<10^{-5}\\) \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{SIL\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4}\n\uba3c\uc800 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub2e4\uc74c \ubaa9\ud45c \\(PFD\\) \ub610\ub294 \\(PFH\\)\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc5d0 SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc744 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\ub610\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \ub4f1\uae09\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uad6c\uc131}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uacc4\uc7a5\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ubcf4\ud1b5 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc13c\uc11c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\n\\approx\nPFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc124\uacc4\uc0c1 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \\term{\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc608\uc0b0 \ubc30\ubd84}\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4}\n\n\uacfc\uc555 \ucc28\ub2e8\uc6a9 \uc555\ub825\uc13c\uc11c\ub97c \uc608\ub85c \ub4e4\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.29\\textwidth}Xp{0.24\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uacb0\uacfc & \ubd84\ub958 \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29 & \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip & \\(\\lambda_S\\) \\\\\n\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428 & \uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 & \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD \\\\\n\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \\\\\n\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0 & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328 & \\(\\lambda_D\\) \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 \ub178\uc774\uc988 & \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ub610\ub294 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uc601\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ubd84\ub958 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n=\n\\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n+\\cdots\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc5ed\uc0b0}\n\n\ubd80\ud488 \\(i\\)\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \\(PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\\)\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.\n\n\\[\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\le\nPFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774\ub97c \\(\\lambda_{DU,i}\\)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\le\n\\frac{\n2\\left(\nPFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n-\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\right)\n}{T_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\le\n\\frac{2PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}}{T_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{examplebox}{\uc13c\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58}\n\uc13c\uc11c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}=1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790. DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c,\n\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\end{examplebox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0b0\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c \ud56d\ubaa9\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item 1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo3 \ub4f1\uc758 Voting \uad6c\uc870\n \\item \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704\n \\item Proof Test Coverage\n \\item \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\n \\item \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd\n \\item \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\n \\item \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ucd5c\uc885 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c PFD\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n=\nf\\left(\n\\lambda_{DU},\n\\lambda_{DD},\nT,\nMDT,\n\\text{Voting},\n\\beta,\n\\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n\\right)\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n1oo2 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub3d9\uc2dc\uace0\uc7a5 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc,\nCCF\ub294 \ub450 \ucc44\ub110\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \uc791\uc740 \\(\\beta\\)\ub3c4 \uc804\uccb4 PFD\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uac01 \uc2dd\uacfc \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub97c \uac1c\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc124\uacc4\ub418\ub294 \uc21c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tikzpicture}[\n node distance=5.5mm,\n box\/.style={\n rectangle,\n rounded corners=2pt,\n draw=navy,\n thick,\n fill=bluegray,\n text width=9.6cm,\n minimum height=0.85cm,\n align=center\n },\n arrow\/.style={-{Latex[length=2.1mm]},thick,draw=navy}\n]\n\\node[box] (a) {1. \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of a] (b) {2. \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8 \\(\\Rmax\\)\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of b] (c) {3. \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \\(\\FHmax=\\Rmax\/\\prod p_i\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of c] (d) {4. \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc774\uba74 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\\), \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d\uc774\uba74 \\(PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of d] (e) {5. \uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of e] (f) {6. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of f] (g) {7. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c Safe\/Dangerous, Detected\/Undetected\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of g] (h) {8. \\(\\lambda_{SD},\\lambda_{SU},\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\\)\ub97c \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of h] (i) {9. DD\ub294 \\(Q=\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\approx\\lambda MDT\\), DU\ub294 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of i] (j) {10. Voting\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7CCF\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc81c \\(PFD\/PFH\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of j] (k) {11. \uc2e4\uc81c \uac12\uc774 \uc6d0\ub798\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\n\\draw[arrow] (a)--(b);\n\\draw[arrow] (b)--(c);\n\\draw[arrow] (c)--(d);\n\\draw[arrow] (d)--(e);\n\\draw[arrow] (e)--(f);\n\\draw[arrow] (f)--(g);\n\\draw[arrow] (g)--(h);\n\\draw[arrow] (h)--(i);\n\\draw[arrow] (i)--(j);\n\\draw[arrow] (j)--(k);\n\\end{tikzpicture}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{1\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc555\ub825 \uc0c1\uc2b9}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ub204\ucd9c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc810\ud654}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc0ac\ub9dd}\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{quote}\n\uc555\ub825\uc774 \uc124\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2dc\uac04 \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \ub2eb\uc544\n\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uc744 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{quote}\n\n\uc774 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Trip \uc124\uc815\uac12, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \ubcf4\ud638\ub300\uc0c1 \ubc0f \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc815\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uc815\uc758\uac00 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29\uc774\ub098 \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29\uc774 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc778\uc9c0 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\ub2e8\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{2\ub2e8\uacc4: Maximum Tolerable Risk\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ub2e4\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\text{\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n\\]\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc758 \uc5f0\uac04 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744\n\\(10^{-5}\\) \uc774\ud558\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc0ac\ub78c \ub610\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885\uc801\uc778 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{3\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30\uac00 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud574\ub3c4 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub204\ucd9c, \uc810\ud654, \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub178\ucd9c, \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\FHmax\n\\prod_i p_i\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{\\Rmax}{\\prod_i p_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr},\n\\qquad\n\\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n=\n10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{4\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc640 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \ub4dc\ubb3c\uac8c \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uba74 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Demand \uc21c\uac04\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960\uc778 \\(PFD\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba74 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uc778 \\(PFH\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc815\ub7c9\uc9c0\ud45c}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5} &\\rightarrow PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\\\\n\\text{\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5} &\\rightarrow PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(\\FD\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n=\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n\\le\n\\FHmax\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{\\FD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uac00,\n\n\\[\n\\FD=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \\(F_D\\)\uac00 \ubd84\uc11d \ub300\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0,\n\ub2e4\ub978 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ubcf4\ud638\uacc4\uce35\uacfc \uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc55e \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc77c\uad00\ub418\uac8c \ubc18\uc601\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc804\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{5\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4}\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc608\uc5d0\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740,\n\n\\[\n10^{-3}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n<\n10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\text{Target SIL}=SIL~2}\n\\]\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 ``SIL 2''\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc6d0\ub798 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n}\n\\]\n\nSIL 2\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uac12\uc778 \\(10^{-2}\\)\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\uba74 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uba74,\n\uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uc870\uac74\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub290\uc2a8\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{6\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uacc4\uc7a5\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc13c\uc11c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc758 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\n\\approx\nPFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc13c\uc11c, \ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84, \ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF,target}}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\ucc98\ub7fc \ubc30\ubd84\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabular}{lc}\n\\toprule\n\uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c & \uc608\uc2dc PFD \uc608\uc0b0 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\uc13c\uc11c & \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84 & \\(0.5\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c & \\(3.0\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ud569\uacc4 & \\(5.0\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabular}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc608\uc2dc\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ubc30\ubd84\ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc2e4\uc81c \ubc30\ubd84\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130, \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc131, \uad6c\uc870, \uc720\uc9c0\ubcf4\uc218\uc131\uacfc \ube44\uc6a9\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{7\ub2e8\uacc4: \uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ubc14\ub85c PFD \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub123\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\uba3c\uc800 \uc13c\uc11c\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc7a5\ub098\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uacfc\uc555\uc6a9 \uc555\ub825\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc608\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.29\\textwidth}Xp{0.24\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5 & \ubd84\ub958 \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud568 & \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29 & \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ubc1c\uc0dd & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428 & \uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 & \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD \\\\\n\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \\\\\n\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0 & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 \ubd80\ud488 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ub0c9\uac01\uc218 \ubc38\ube0c\ucc98\ub7fc \uc5f4\ub824 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \uc548\uc804\ud55c \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2eb\ud798 \uace0\ucc29\uc774 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{8\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uace0\uc7a5\ubc94\uc8fc\ubcc4\ub85c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ub098\ub208\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n=\n\\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n+\\cdots\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c SIL \uac80\ud1a0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c,\n\uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc2e4\ud328\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{9\ub2e8\uacc4: \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc640 PFD\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uba74 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda_{DD}}\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30 \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}\n{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n{1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0 \uc791\uc740 \uac12\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc989, \uac80\ucd9c\uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uacfc \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \uacf1\ud558\uc5ec \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ubc18\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(T\\)\uc774\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740 \\(T\/2\\)\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nMDT_{DU}\n\\approx\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\right)\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub450 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \uac19\uc740 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\n\\approx\n\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e4\ub9cc DD\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc989\uc2dc \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\ubbc0\ub85c \\(MDT_{DD}\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0,\nDU\ub294 Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{10\ub2e8\uacc4: \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c PFD\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc774,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}}{T}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc81c\ud55c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 1oo2 \ub610\ub294 2oo3 \uad6c\uc870\ub77c\uba74 \ub2e8\uc21c \ud569\uc0b0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\n\ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item Voting \uad6c\uc870\n \\item \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704\n \\item Proof Test Coverage\n \\item \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\n \\item \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd\n \\item \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\n \\item \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c PFD\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n=\nf\\left(\n\\lambda_{DU},\n\\lambda_{DD},\nT,\nMDT,\n\\text{Voting},\n\\beta,\n\\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n\\right)\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{11\ub2e8\uacc4: \ucc98\uc74c \uc124\uc815\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c SIL \uba85\uce6d\ub07c\ub9ac \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ucc98\uc74c \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ub610\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc544\ud0a4\ud14d\ucc98 \uc81c\uc57d, \uccb4\uacc4\uc801 \ub2a5\ub825,\n\uac80\uc99d\u00b7\ud655\uc778 \ubc0f \uc0dd\uba85\uc8fc\uae30 \uc694\uad6c\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc804\uccb4 \uc218\uce58 \uc608\uc81c\uc758 \uc5f0\uacb0}\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uacfc\uc555 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc608\uc81c\ub97c \ud55c \ubc88\uc5d0 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{examplebox}{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc13c\uc11c \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0}\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\prod_i p_i\n=\n10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n=\n10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\FD\n=\n0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc,\n\uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub294,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n=\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\n\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uace0,\n\uc6d0\ub798 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc778 \\(5\\times10^{-3}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{examplebox}\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 }\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2dc\uac04\uc694\uc18c }MDT,T\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c }PFD\/PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uacfc \uc8fc\uc758\uc0ac\ud56d}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 SIL\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ub2ec\uc131\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc544\ud0a4\ud14d\ucc98 \uc81c\uc57d\uacfc \uccb4\uacc4\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub3c4 \ud568\uaed8 \ucda9\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\ucd5c\uc885 \ud575\uc2ec \ubb38\uc7a5}\nMaximum Tolerable Risk\ub294 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc774\ub2e4.\nMaximum Tolerable Failure Rate\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\nPFD\uc640 PFH\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc548\uc804\u00b7\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc0f \uac80\ucd9c\u00b7\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc740\n\\[\nQ=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n\\approx\\lambda MDT\n\\]\n\ub85c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c Voting \uad6c\uc870\uc640 CCF\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uacb0\ud569\ud558\uc5ec\n\uc6d0\ub798 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \ubaa9\ud45c \\(PFD\\) \ub610\ub294 \\(PFH\\)\uc758 \ucda9\uc871 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub97c \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\section*{\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc}\n\\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc}\n\nDavid J. Smith and Kenneth G. L. Simpson,\n\\eng{The Safety Critical Systems Handbook:\nA Straightforward Guide to Functional Safety, IEC 61508, IEC 61511 and Related Guidance},\n4th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016,\nChapters 1, 2, and 5.\n\n\\end{document}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \u2014 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0 Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL, \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc, \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ubc94\uc704 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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{"id":9428,"date":"2026-08-29T15:51:56","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T06:51:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/?p=9428"},"modified":"2026-08-29T16:19:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T07:19:01","slug":"the-safety-critical-systems-chapter-1-2-5%ec%a0%95%eb%a6%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/the-safety-critical-systems-chapter-1-2-5%ec%a0%95%eb%a6%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"The Safety Critical Systems, Chapter 1, 2, 5\uc815\ub9ac"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\nChapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \u2014 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0<\/title>\n<style>\n :root{\n --navy:#1c385c;\n --blue:#e6edf5;\n --blue2:#f5f8fc;\n --ink:#20252c;\n --muted:#5f6874;\n --line:#cfd8e3;\n --green:#ebf6ef;\n --yellow:#fff8df;\n --accent:#a45a18;\n --white:#fff;\n }\n *{box-sizing:border-box}\n html{scroll-behavior:smooth}\n body{\n margin:0;\n font-family:\"Noto 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display:inline-block;\n margin:4px 14px 4px 0;\n color:var(--navy);\n text-decoration:none;\n font-weight:700;\n font-size:14px;\n }\n section{scroll-margin-top:20px;margin:42px 0}\n h2{\n color:var(--navy);\n font-size:28px;\n letter-spacing:-.03em;\n border-bottom:3px solid var(--navy);\n padding-bottom:8px;\n margin:0 0 22px;\n }\n h3{\n color:var(--navy);\n font-size:21px;\n margin:28px 0 12px;\n letter-spacing:-.02em;\n }\n h4{font-size:17px;margin:22px 0 8px}\n p{margin:10px 0}\n .box{\n border-radius:12px;\n padding:17px 20px;\n margin:18px 0;\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n }\n .key{background:var(--blue);border-color:#8da7c3}\n .warn{background:var(--yellow);border-color:#d4a35e}\n .example{background:var(--green);border-color:#88b89b}\n .box .title{\n font-weight:800;\n color:var(--navy);\n margin-bottom:8px;\n }\n .math{\n margin:16px auto;\n text-align:center;\n overflow-x:auto;\n padding:8px 6px;\n }\n .flow{\n display:flex;\n flex-wrap:wrap;\n gap:10px;\n align-items:center;\n justify-content:center;\n margin:18px 0;\n }\n .flow .step{\n background:var(--blue2);\n border:1.5px solid #8da7c3;\n color:var(--navy);\n font-weight:800;\n border-radius:10px;\n padding:11px 15px;\n text-align:center;\n min-width:145px;\n }\n .flow .arrow{font-weight:900;color:var(--navy);font-size:20px}\n table{\n width:100%;\n border-collapse:collapse;\n margin:16px 0 24px;\n font-size:15px;\n }\n thead th{\n background:var(--navy);\n color:#fff;\n padding:11px 10px;\n text-align:left;\n font-weight:800;\n }\n tbody td{\n border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);\n padding:10px;\n vertical-align:top;\n }\n tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#fafbfd}\n code{\n background:#f1f4f7;\n padding:.1em .35em;\n border-radius:5px;\n }\n ul,ol{padding-left:1.35rem}\n .small{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}\n .formula-card{\n display:grid;\n grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(280px,1fr));\n gap:14px;\n margin:18px 0;\n }\n .formula-card .item{\n background:#f8fafc;\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n border-radius:12px;\n padding:14px 16px;\n }\n .formula-card .item strong{display:block;color:var(--navy);margin-bottom:6px}\n .story{\n display:grid;\n gap:10px;\n margin:24px 0;\n }\n .story .row{\n display:grid;\n grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;\n gap:12px;\n align-items:start;\n }\n .story .num{\n width:40px;height:40px;\n border-radius:50%;\n background:var(--navy);\n color:#fff;\n display:flex;\n align-items:center;\n justify-content:center;\n font-weight:800;\n }\n .story .body{\n border:1px solid var(--line);\n background:#fbfcfe;\n border-radius:10px;\n padding:11px 14px;\n }\n footer{\n padding:24px 54px 34px;\n color:var(--muted);\n background:#f7f9fb;\n border-top:1px solid var(--line);\n font-size:14px;\n }\n @media(max-width:720px){\n .page{width:100%;margin:0;border-radius:0}\n header,.content,footer{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}\n .flow{align-items:stretch;flex-direction:column}\n .flow .arrow{transform:rotate(90deg);align-self:center}\n table{font-size:13px}\n }\n @media print{\n body{background:#fff}\n .page{box-shadow:none;width:100%;margin:0}\n nav.toc{display:none}\n section{break-inside:avoid-page}\n a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}\n }\n<\/style>\n<script>\nwindow.MathJax = {\n tex: {inlineMath: [['\\\\(','\\\\)']], displayMath: [['\\\\[','\\\\]']]},\n svg: {fontCache: 'global'}\n};\n<\/script>\n<script defer src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/mathjax@3\/es5\/tex-svg.js\"><\/script>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<main class=\"page\">\n<header>\n <h1>Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac<\/h1>\n <p>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL, \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc, \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0<\/p>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"content\">\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ubc94\uc704<\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 5\ub97c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\uc74c \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ubaa9\ud45c PFD\u00b7PFH<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ubaa9\ud45c SIL<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\u03bb\u00b7\u03bc\u00b7MDT\u00b7T<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc2e4\uc81c PFD\u00b7PFH<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <nav class=\"toc\">\n <strong>\ubaa9\ucc28<\/strong>\n <a href=\"#terms\">1. \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704<\/a>\n <a href=\"#lambda\">2. \u03bb\uc640 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960<\/a>\n <a href=\"#q\">3. \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4 Q<\/a>\n <a href=\"#modes\">4. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/a>\n <a href=\"#dddu\">5. DD\u00b7DU<\/a>\n <a href=\"#risk\">6. \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc SIL<\/a>\n <a href=\"#allocation\">7. \ubd80\ud488 \uc694\uad6c\uce58<\/a>\n <a href=\"#ccf\">8. \uc911\ubcf5\u00b7CCF<\/a>\n <a href=\"#story\">9. \uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac<\/a>\n <\/nav>\n\n <section id=\"terms\">\n <h2>1. \uba3c\uc800 \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704\u00b7\ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h2>\n <p>\uae30\ub2a5\uc548\uc804 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8, \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ube48\ub3c4, \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960, \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \ud568\uaed8 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\ub4e4\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc640 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>1.1 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \ubaa9\ud45c<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uc6a9\uc5b4<\/th><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><th>\ub2e8\uc704<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Maximum Tolerable Risk<\/b><\/td><td>\\(R_{\\max}\\)<\/td><td>\uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Maximum Tolerable Failure Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(F_{H,\\max}\\)<\/td><td>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960<\/b><\/td><td>\\(p_i\\)<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ub178\ucd9c\u00b7\uc810\ud654\u00b7\uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub420 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Demand Frequency<\/b><\/td><td>\\(F_D\\)<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc0ac\uac74 \ub610\ub294 \uc694\uad6c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>PFD<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFD\\)<\/td><td>Demand\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud560 \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Average PFD<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/td><td>Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uade0\ud55c PFD<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>PFH<\/b><\/td><td>\\(PFH\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>SIL<\/b><\/td><td>SIL 1~4<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc758 \uc774\uc0b0 \ub4f1\uae09<\/td><td>\uc5c6\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>1.2 \ubd80\ud488 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc2dc\uac04 \uad00\ub828 \uc6a9\uc5b4<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uc6a9\uc5b4<\/th><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><th>\ub2e8\uc704<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\lambda\\)<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc804\uc774\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Repair Rate<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\mu\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Mean Down Time<\/b><\/td><td>\\(MDT\\)<\/td><td>\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\ub2a5 \ubcf5\uad6c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Mean Repair Time<\/b><\/td><td>\\(MRT\\)<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc218\ub9ac\uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Proof Test Interval<\/b><\/td><td>\\(T\\)<\/td><td>\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ucc3e\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc7a0\ubcf5\uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uac04\uaca9<\/td><td>\\(\\mathrm{h}\\), yr<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Unavailability<\/b><\/td><td>\\(Q\\)<\/td><td>\uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Beta Factor<\/b><\/td><td>\\(\\beta\\)<\/td><td>\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc911 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728<\/td><td>\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac00\uc7a5 \uba3c\uc800 \uad6c\ubd84\ud560 \uac83<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{F_{H,\\max}\\neq\\lambda}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ubc38\ube0c \uac19\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"lambda\">\n <h2>2. \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc758 \uad00\uacc4<\/h2>\n <p>\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[[\\lambda]=\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74 \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud655\ub960\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{P_f(t)=1-e^{-\\lambda t}}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda t\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{P_f(t)\\approx\\lambda t}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(\\lambda\\)<\/strong>\ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960<br><span class=\"small\">\ub2e8\uc704: \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\)<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(\\lambda t\\)<\/strong>\uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\uc704\ud5d8\ub3c4<br><span class=\"small\">\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\\(1-e^{-\\lambda t}\\)<\/strong>\uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4 \ucd5c\uc18c \ud55c \ubc88 \uace0\uc7a5\ub0a0 \ud655\ub960<br><span class=\"small\">\ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"q\">\n <h2>3. \uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \ubcf5\uad6c\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud55c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4 \\(Q\\)<\/h2>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc815\uc0c1<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u03bb \u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u03bc \u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc815\uc0c1<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\mu\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc624\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <h3>3.1 MDT\uc640\uc758 \uad00\uacc4<\/h3>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ud6a8 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\uc744 \\(\\mu=1\/MDT\\)\ub85c \ub450\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q\n =\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\frac1{MDT}}\n =\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\lambda MDT\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q\\approx\\lambda MDT}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{\ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4}\\approx\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc18d\ub3c4}\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}}\\]<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>3.2 \\(Q\\)\uc640 PFD<\/h3>\n <p>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 Demand\uac00 \uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74, Demand \uc21c\uac04\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960\uc744 PFD\ub85c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{PFD\\approx Q}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc8fc\uc758<\/div>\n <p>\ubaa8\ub4e0 \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 PFD\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc784\uc758 Demand \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc804\uc81c\ub85c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"modes\">\n <h2>4. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc758 \ubd84\ub958<\/h2>\n\n <h3>4.1 \uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uad6c\ubd84<\/th><th>\uc9c8\ubb38<\/th><th>\uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Cause<\/b><\/td><td>\uc65c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\ubd80\uc2dd, \uacb0\ube59, \uc804\uc6d0 \uc0c1\uc2e4, \uc124\uacc4 \uc624\ub958<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Mode<\/b><\/td><td>\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29, \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>Failure Effect<\/b><\/td><td>\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c, \ube44\uc0c1\ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778}\\rightarrow\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\\rightarrow\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <h3>4.2 Safe \ub610\ub294 Dangerous\uc758 \uae30\uc900<\/h3>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc815\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Demand, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \uba3c\uc800 \uc815\uc758\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\uc5f4\ub9bc \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc694\uad6c \uc5c6\uc774 \ub2eb\ud798<\/td><td>\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc911\ub2e8, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc774\ub3d9<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2eb\ud798\uc2dc\uac04 \ucd08\uacfc<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub0b4\ubd80 \ub204\uc124<\/td><td>\uc644\uc804\ud55c \uaca9\ub9ac \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc704\uce58 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31 \uc624\ub958<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc0c1\ud0dc \uc624\ud310<\/td><td>\uc601\ud5a5 \ubd84\uc11d \ud544\uc694<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>4.3 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ubd84\ud574<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n =\n \\lambda_{SD}\n +\n \\lambda_{SU}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD}\n +\n \\lambda_{DU}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uae30\ud638<\/th><th>\uba85\uce6d<\/th><th>\uc758\ubbf8<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{SD}\\)<\/td><td>Safe Detected<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/td><td>Safe Undetected<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)<\/td><td>Dangerous Detected<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><td>Dangerous Undetected<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 Proof Test \ub610\ub294 Demand \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"dddu\">\n <h2>5. \uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5<\/h2>\n\n <h3>5.1 \uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5 \\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)<\/h3>\n <p>\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba74 \uc218\ub9ac\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\mu=1\/MDT_{DD}\\)\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n {1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uac80\ucd9c \ud6c4 Down Time\uc740 \ub300\ub7b5 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[MDT_{DD}\\approx MRT+L\\]<\/div>\n <p>\\(L\\)\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\ud5c8\uac00, \uc815\ube44\uc778\ub825 \ub3c4\ucc29, \uc608\ube44\ud488 \ud655\ubcf4, \ubcf5\uad6c\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>5.2 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc7a0\ubcf5<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">Proof Test \uac80\ucd9c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\uc218\ub9ac<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(T\\)\uc774\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740 \\(T\/2\\)\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n MDT_{DU}\n \\approx\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\right)\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(T\/2\\)\uac00 \uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \ud06c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\approx\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}}\\]<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{Q\\approx\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}}\\]<\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)<\/li>\n <li>DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>5.3 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 PFD \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T_i}{2}+MRT_i+L_i\n \\right)\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc9e7\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"risk\">\n <h2>6. \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uae4c\uc9c0<\/h2>\n\n <h3>6.1 Maximum Tolerable Risk\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub85c<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\prod_i p_i\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{R_{\\max}}{\\prod_i p_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.2 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_D\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{F_D}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.3 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \uc9c1\uc811 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uace0 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\uac00 \uc5f0\uac04 \ub2e8\uc704\ub77c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{8760}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>6.4 SIL \uad6c\uac04<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>SIL<\/th><th>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/th><th>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \\(PFH\\,[\\mathrm{h}^{-1}]\\)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>4<\/td><td>\\(10^{-5}\\le PFD<10^{-4}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-9}\\le PFH<10^{-8}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>3<\/td><td>\\(10^{-4}\\le PFD<10^{-3}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-8}\\le PFH<10^{-7}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>2<\/td><td>\\(10^{-3}\\le PFD<10^{-2}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-7}\\le PFH<10^{-6}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>1<\/td><td>\\(10^{-2}\\le PFD<10^{-1}\\)<\/td><td>\\(10^{-6}\\le PFH<10^{-5}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">SIL\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/div>\n <p>\uba3c\uc800 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub2e4\uc74c \ubaa9\ud45c PFD \ub610\ub294 PFH\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uace0 SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc744 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \ub4f1\uae09\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"allocation\">\n <h2>7. \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0<\/h2>\n\n <h3>7.1 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uad6c\uc131<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc13c\uc11c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc774\uace0 \uac01 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\\approx PFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc608\uc0b0 \ubc30\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>7.2 \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/h3>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uacb0\uacfc<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_S\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428<\/td><td>\uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/td><td>\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\\(\\lambda_D\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n =\n \\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n +\\cdots\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>7.3 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc5ed\uc0b0<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n \\le\n PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\le\n \\frac{\n 2\\left(\n PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n –\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n \\right)\n }{T_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,i}\n \\le\n \\frac{2PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}}{T_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box example\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uacc4\uc0b0 \uc608<\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\), Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c \\(8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n =\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"ccf\">\n <h2>8. \uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5<\/h2>\n <p>\uc55e\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0b0\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c \ud56d\ubaa9\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo3 \ub4f1\uc758 Voting \uad6c\uc870<\/li>\n <li>\uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704<\/li>\n <li>Proof Test Coverage<\/li>\n <li>\uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass<\/li>\n <li>\uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd<\/li>\n <li>\ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131<\/li>\n <li>\uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n =\n f\\left(\n \\lambda_{DU},\n \\lambda_{DD},\n T,\n MDT,\n \\text{Voting},\n \\beta,\n \\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n \\right)\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>1oo2 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub3d9\uc2dc\uace0\uc7a5 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, CCF\ub294 \ub450 \ucc44\ub110\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \uc791\uc740 \\(\\beta\\)\ub3c4 \uc804\uccb4 PFD\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/section>\n\n <section id=\"story\">\n <h2>9. \uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac<\/h2>\n\n <p>\uc55e\uc758 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uac01 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc640 \uc218\uc2dd\uc744 \uac1c\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc124\uacc4\ub418\ub294 \uc21c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc804\uccb4 \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"story\">\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">1<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">2<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>Maximum Tolerable Risk \\(R_{\\max}\\)\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">3<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">4<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc800\uc218\uc694\uc774\uba74 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD, \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d\uc774\uba74 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">5<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">6<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">7<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">8<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \\(\\lambda_{SD},\\lambda_{SU},\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\\)\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">9<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>DD\uc5d0\ub294 \\(Q=\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\approx\\lambda MDT\\), DU\uc5d0\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">10<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>Voting\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7CCF\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc81c PFD \ub610\ub294 PFH\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"row\"><div class=\"num\">11<\/div><div class=\"body\"><b>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc774 \ucd5c\ucd08 \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/b><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.1 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\text{\uc555\ub825 \uc0c1\uc2b9}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc704\ud5d8\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ub204\ucd9c}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc810\ud654}\n \\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc0ac\ub9dd}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc608<\/div>\n <p>\uc555\ub825\uc774 \uc124\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2dc\uac04 \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \ub2eb\uc544 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uc744 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Trip \uc124\uc815\uac12, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \ubcf4\ud638\ub300\uc0c1\uacfc \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc815\uc758\uac00 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29\uc774\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29\uc744 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.2 Maximum Tolerable Risk\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n \\text{\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc5f0\uac04 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \\(10^{-5}\\) \uc774\ud558\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0ac\ub78c \ub610\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.3 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30\uac00 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub204\ucd9c\ud655\ub960, \uc810\ud654\ud655\ub960, \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub178\ucd9c\ud655\ub960, \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud655\ub960 \ub4f1\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}\n =\n F_{H,\\max}\n \\prod_i p_i\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{R_{\\max}}{\\prod_i p_i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr},\n \\qquad\n \\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n =\n 10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uba70, \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.4 \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc640 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \ub4dc\ubb3c\uac8c \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uba74 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uace0 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba74 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uace0 PFH\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFH\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(F_D\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n =\n F_D\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uace0, \uc774 \uac12\uc740 \\(F_{H,\\max}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n \\le\n \\frac{F_{H,\\max}}{F_D}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uac00,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[F_D=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n =\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.5 \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}=5\\times10^{-3}\\]<\/div>\n <p>\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c \ubc94\uc704\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n 10^{-3}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n <\n 10^{-2}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc740 SIL 2\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\boxed{\\text{Target SIL}=SIL~2}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"box warn\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4<\/div>\n <p>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 SIL 2\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>SIL 2\uc758 \uc0c1\ud55c\uc778 \\(10^{-2}\\)\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\uba74 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uc870\uac74\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub290\uc2a8\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.6 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flow\">\n <div class=\"step\">\uc13c\uc11c<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/div><div class=\"arrow\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc758 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\\approx PFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\\]<\/div>\n <p>\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c<\/th><th>\uc608\uc2dc PFD \uc608\uc0b0<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\uc13c\uc11c<\/td><td>\\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84<\/td><td>\\(0.5\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c<\/td><td>\\(3.0\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><b>\ud569\uacc4<\/b><\/td><td><b>\\(5.0\\times10^{-3}\\)<\/b><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <p>\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc608\uc2dc\uc774\ub2e4. \ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ubcc4 \ubc30\ubd84\ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.7 \uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ubc14\ub85c PFD \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub123\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc7a5\ub098\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc<\/th><th>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5<\/th><th>\ubd84\ub958 \uc608<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud568<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29<\/td><td>\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/td><td>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428<\/td><td>\uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/td><td>\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0<\/td><td>\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328<\/td><td>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <p>\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 \ubd80\ud488 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <h3>9.8 \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uace0\uc7a5\ubc94\uc8fc\ubcc4\ub85c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n =\n \\lambda_{SD}\n +\n \\lambda_{SU}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD}\n +\n \\lambda_{DU}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong>\\(\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n =\n \\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n +\n \\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n +\\cdots\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.9 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc640 PFD\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uba74 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728 \\(\\mu\\)\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\\(\\mu=1\/MDT_{DD}\\)\uc774\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DD}\n =\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n {1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\ubc18\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n MDT_{DU}\n \\approx\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n Q_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\lambda_{DU}\n \\left(\n \\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n \\right)\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n Q\\approx\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)<\/li>\n <li>DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.10 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c PFD\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n PFD_i\n \\approx\n \\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n +\n \\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc774 \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\), Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\)\uc774\uace0 DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc790.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}}{T}\n =\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc81c\ud55c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n <p>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 1oo2 \ub610\ub294 2oo3 \uad6c\uc870\ub77c\uba74 Voting, \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704, Proof Test Coverage, Bypass, \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd, \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uacfc CCF\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n =\n f\\left(\n \\lambda_{DU},\n \\lambda_{DD},\n T,\n MDT,\n \\text{Voting},\n \\beta,\n \\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n \\right)\n \\]\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.11 \ucc98\uc74c \uc124\uc815\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n <p>\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uc740 SIL \uba85\uce6d\ub07c\ub9ac \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc98\uc74c \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\le PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)<\/div>\n <div class=\"item\"><strong>\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5<\/strong>\\(PFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\le PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>9.12 \uc804\uccb4 \uc218\uce58 \uc608\uc81c<\/h3>\n <div class=\"box example\">\n <div class=\"title\">\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc13c\uc11c \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"math\">\\[R_{\\max}=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[\\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n F_{H,\\max}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n =\n 10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[F_D=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n =\n \\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n =\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n \\le\n 5\\times10^{-3}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub2e4\uc74c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}=1.5\\times10^{-3}\\]<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\\[T=8760\\,\\mathrm{h}\\]<\/div>\n <p>DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,<\/p>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\lambda_{DU,S}\n \\le\n \\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n =\n 3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <p>\ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uace0, \ucd5c\ucd08 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc778 \\(5\\times10^{-3}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"box key\">\n <div class=\"title\">\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec<\/div>\n <div class=\"math\">\n \\[\n \\boxed{\n \\begin{aligned}\n \\text{\uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 }\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc2dc\uac04\uc694\uc18c }MDT,T\n \\\\\n &\\rightarrow\n \\text{\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c }PFD\/PFH\n \\end{aligned}\n }\n \\]\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<footer>\n <b>\ucc38\uace0:<\/b> David J. Smith and Kenneth G. L. Simpson, <i>The Safety Critical Systems Handbook<\/i>, Chapters 1, 2, and 5.\n<\/footer>\n<\/main>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9\uc758 \uc0bd\uc785.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b3b647ca-308b-43fa-bf29-d7aa38331ab2\" href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\">TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TheSafetyCriticlaSystem-9.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b3b647ca-308b-43fa-bf29-d7aa38331ab2\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}\n\n% Overleaf compiler: pdfLaTeX\n\\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\n\\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\n\\usepackage{kotex}\n\\usepackage[margin=20mm]{geometry}\n\\usepackage{setspace}\n\\usepackage{booktabs}\n\\usepackage{tabularx}\n\\usepackage{array}\n\\usepackage{enumitem}\n\\usepackage{xcolor}\n\\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,mathtools}\n\\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}\n\\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}\n\\usepackage{tikz}\n\\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,positioning,shapes.geometric,fit}\n\n\\setstretch{1.16}\n\\setlength{\\parindent}{0pt}\n\\setlength{\\parskip}{0.48em}\n\\setlist[itemize]{leftmargin=1.7em,itemsep=2pt,topsep=3pt}\n\\setlist[enumerate]{leftmargin=2.0em,itemsep=3pt,topsep=4pt}\n\\renewcommand{\\arraystretch}{1.30}\n\\sloppy\n\n\\definecolor{navy}{RGB}{28,56,92}\n\\definecolor{bluegray}{RGB}{230,237,245}\n\\definecolor{lightgray}{RGB}{246,247,249}\n\\definecolor{darkgray}{RGB}{65,70,78}\n\\definecolor{softyellow}{RGB}{255,248,223}\n\\definecolor{softgreen}{RGB}{235,246,239}\n\\definecolor{accent}{RGB}{164,90,24}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{keybox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=bluegray,\n colframe=navy,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{warningbox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=softyellow,\n colframe=accent,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newtcolorbox{examplebox}[1]{\n enhanced,\n breakable,\n colback=softgreen,\n colframe=navy,\n boxrule=0.7pt,\n arc=1.5mm,\n title=\\textbf{#1},\n fonttitle=\\bfseries\n}\n\n\\newcommand{\\term}[1]{\\textbf{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\eng}[1]{\\textit{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\unit}[1]{\\,\\mathrm{#1}}\n\\newcommand{\\Rmax}{R_{\\max}}\n\\newcommand{\\FHmax}{F_{H,\\max}}\n\\newcommand{\\FD}{F_D}\n\\newcommand{\\PFDavg}{PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}}\n\n\\title{\\textbf{Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac}\\\\[0.35em]\n\\Large \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0}\n\\author{\\eng{The Safety Critical Systems Handbook} \uae30\ubc18 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub178\ud2b8}\n\\date{}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\maketitle\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\ubb38\uc11c \ubc94\uc704}\n\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 Chapter 3\uc758 \ud558\ub4dc\uc6e8\uc5b4 \uc124\uacc4 \uc694\uad6c\uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc11c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nChapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 5\ub97c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\uc74c \ud750\ub984\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\n\\rightarrow\n\\lambda,\\mu,MDT,T\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2e4\uc81c }PFD\/PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\tableofcontents\n\\newpage\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uba3c\uc800 \uc6a9\uc5b4\u00b7\ub2e8\uc704\u00b7\ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uae30\ub2a5\uc548\uc804 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8, \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ube48\ub3c4, \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960,\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \ud568\uaed8 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac12\ub4e4\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc640 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \ubaa9\ud45c}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{\\textwidth}{\n>{\\raggedright\\arraybackslash\\bfseries}p{0.25\\textwidth}\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.14\\textwidth}\nX\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.12\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uc6a9\uc5b4 & \uae30\ud638 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\nMaximum Tolerable Risk\n& \\(\\Rmax\\)\n& \uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nMaximum Tolerable Failure Rate\n& \\(\\FHmax\\)\n& \ud574\ub2f9 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\n\uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\n& \\(p_i\\)\n& \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ub178\ucd9c\u00b7\uc810\ud654\u00b7\uc0ac\ub9dd \ub4f1 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub420 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nDemand Frequency\n& \\(\\FD\\)\n& \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc0ac\uac74 \ub610\ub294 \uc694\uad6c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nProbability of Failure on Demand\n& \\(PFD\\)\n& Demand\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud560 \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nAverage PFD\n& \\(\\PFDavg\\)\n& Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uade0\ud55c PFD\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nProbability of dangerous Failure per Hour\n& \\(PFH\\)\n& \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nSafety Integrity Level\n& SIL\n& \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc758 \uc774\uc0b0 \ub4f1\uae09\n& \uc5c6\uc74c \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\ubd80\ud488 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc2dc\uac04 \uad00\ub828 \uc6a9\uc5b4}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{\\textwidth}{\n>{\\raggedright\\arraybackslash\\bfseries}p{0.25\\textwidth}\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.14\\textwidth}\nX\n>{\\centering\\arraybackslash}p{0.12\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uc6a9\uc5b4 & \uae30\ud638 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\nFailure Rate\n& \\(\\lambda\\)\n& \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc804\uc774\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nRepair or Restoration Rate\n& \\(\\mu\\)\n& \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \ube44\uc728\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\nMean Down Time\n& \\(MDT\\)\n& \uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\ub2a5 \ubcf5\uad6c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\) \\\\\n\nMean Repair Time\n& \\(MRT\\)\n& \uc2e4\uc81c \uc218\ub9ac\uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\) \\\\\n\nProof Test Interval\n& \\(T\\)\n& \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ucc3e\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc7a0\ubcf5\uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uac04\uaca9\n& \\(\\mathrm{h}\\), yr \\\\\n\nUnavailability\n& \\(Q\\)\n& \uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc77c \ud655\ub960\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\nBeta Factor\n& \\(\\beta\\)\n& \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc911 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728\n& \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{\uac00\uc7a5 \uba3c\uc800 \ubc14\ub85c\uc7a1\uc544\uc57c \ud560 \ud45c\ud604}\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubb38\uc7a5\uc0c1 ``failure rate''\ub85c \ubcf4\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\FHmax\\neq\\lambda}\n\\]\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0, \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ubc38\ube0c \ub4f1\uc758 \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\\(\\lambda\\), \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960, \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc758 \uad00\uacc4}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4}\n\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n[\\lambda]=\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\n\\]\n\n\uc77c\uc815\ud55c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uba74 \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud655\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nP_f(t)=1-e^{-\\lambda t}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\lambda t\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nP_f(t)\\approx\\lambda t\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.94\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.22\\textwidth}Xp{0.17\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\ud45c\ud604 & \uc758\ubbf8 & \ub2e8\uc704 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\\(\\lambda\\) & \ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 & \\(\\mathrm{h}^{-1}\\) \\\\\n\\(\\lambda t\\) & \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\uc704\ud5d8\ub3c4 \ub610\ub294 \uae30\ub300 \uace0\uc7a5\ud69f\uc218 & \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\(1-e^{-\\lambda t}\\) & \uc2dc\uac04 \\(t\\) \uc774\ub0b4 \ucd5c\uc18c \ud55c \ubc88 \uace0\uc7a5\ub0a0 \ud655\ub960 & \ubb34\ucc28\uc6d0 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\ubcf5\uad6c \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubd80\ud488\uc758 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378}\n\n\ubcf5\uad6c \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubd80\ud488\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c \ub450 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \ubc18\ubcf5\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda}\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n}\n\\]\n\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\uace0,\n\\(\\mu\\)\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ube60\uc838\ub098\uc624\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(P_U\\), \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(P_D\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74 \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nP_U\\lambda=P_D\\mu\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\nP_U+P_D=1\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ=P_D=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{MDT\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ud45c\ud604}\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ud6a8 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\uc744,\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\frac{1}{MDT}}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\lambda MDT\\ll1\\)\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\\approx\\lambda MDT\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc2dd\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4}\n\\approx\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc18d\ub3c4}\n\\times\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560\uc218\ub85d \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0, \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uac00 \uc624\ub798 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub420\uc218\ub85d \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\subsection{\\(Q\\)\uc640 PFD\uc758 \uad00\uacc4}\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 Demand\uac00 \uc6b4\uc804\uae30\uac04 \uc911 \uc784\uc758\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\nDemand \uc21c\uac04\uc5d0 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc774\uba74 \uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{PFD\\approx Q}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub294 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc784\uc758 Demand \uac00\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ubaa8\ub4e0 \\(Q\\)\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 PFD\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc640 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc758 \ubd84\ub958}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.94\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.22\\textwidth}XX}\n\\toprule\n\uad6c\ubd84 & \uc9c8\ubb38 & \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\nFailure Cause & \uc65c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00? & \ubd80\uc2dd, \uacb0\ube59, \uc804\uc6d0 \uc0c1\uc2e4, \uc124\uacc4 \uc624\ub958 \\\\\nFailure Mode & \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uace0\uc7a5\ub0ac\ub294\uac00? & \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29, \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29 \\\\\nFailure Effect & \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294\uac00? & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c, \ube44\uc0c1\ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc6d0\uc778}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc601\ud5a5}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc218\ubd84 \uacb0\ube59}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{Safe \ub610\ub294 Dangerous\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc815\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub2e4\uc74c \uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \uba3c\uc800 \uc815\uc758\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{enumerate}\n \\item \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\n \\item \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\n \\item Demand\n \\item \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04\n \\item \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\n\\end{enumerate}\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{quote}\n\uc555\ub825\uc774 \\(10\\unit{bar}\\)\ub97c \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \\(2\\unit{s}\\) \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub2eb\ub294\ub2e4.\n\\end{quote}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.27\\textwidth}Xp{0.18\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5 & \ubd84\ub958 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\uc5f4\ub9bc \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uace0\ucc29 & \uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\uc694\uad6c \uc5c6\uc774 \ub2eb\ud798 & \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc911\ub2e8, \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc774\ub3d9 & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub2eb\ud798\uc2dc\uac04 \ucd08\uacfc & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub0b4\ubd80 \ub204\uc124 & \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uaca9\ub9ac \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\uc704\uce58 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31 \uc624\ub958 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uc0c1\ud0dc \uc624\ud310 & \uc601\ud5a5 \ubd84\uc11d \ud544\uc694 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{\uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ubd84\ud574}\n\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uacfc \uac80\ucd9c \uc5ec\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ubcc4\ub3c4 \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n+\n\\lambda_{NE}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.18\\textwidth}p{0.28\\textwidth}X}\n\\toprule\n\uae30\ud638 & \uba85\uce6d & \uc758\ubbf8 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\\(\\lambda_{SD}\\) & Safe Detected & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428 \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{SU}\\) & Safe Undetected & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{DD}\\) & Dangerous Detected & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ucd9c\ub428 \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) & Dangerous Undetected & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 Proof Test \ub610\ub294 Demand \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\(\\lambda_{NE}\\) & No Effect & \ud574\ub2f9 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5: \\(\\lambda_{DD}\\)}\n\n\uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba74 \uc218\ub9ac\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda_{DD}}\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \uac80\ucd9c}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\]\n\n\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n{1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0, \uc791\uc740 \uac12\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\\approx\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uac80\ucd9c \ud6c4 Down Time\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nMDT_{DD}\\approx MRT+L\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \\(L\\)\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\ud5c8\uac00, \uc815\ube44\uc778\ub825 \ub3c4\ucc29, \uc608\ube44\ud488 \ud655\ubcf4, \ubcf5\uad6c\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5: \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\)}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud574\ub3c4 \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc7a0\ubcf5}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{Proof Test\uc5d0\uc11c \uac80\ucd9c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc218\ub9ac}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c \\(T\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\frac{T}{2}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nMDT_{DU}\n\\approx\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\right)\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ubcf4\ud1b5 \\(T\/2\\)\uac00 \uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uc9c0\uc5f0\uc2dc\uac04\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ud06c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\PFDavg\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc65c \\(\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\)\ub97c DU\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\uac00}\n\n\\[\nQ=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ubcf5\uad6c\uc728\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 DU \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc989\uc2dc \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c DU\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Proof Test \ub300\uae30\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ud3c9\uade0 Down Time\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uac19\uc740 \uae30\ubcf8\uc6d0\ub9ac}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\\approx\n\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item DD \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx MDT_{DD}\\)\n \\item DU \uace0\uc7a5: \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04 \\(\\approx T\/2+MRT+L\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\subsection{\ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 PFD \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd}\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T_i}{2}+MRT_i+L_i\n\\right)\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc9e7\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{\uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9 \uc870\uac74}\n\uc774 \uc2dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uacfc \uc791\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc744 \uc804\uc81c\ub85c \ud55c \uadfc\uc0ac\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.\n\uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870, \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5, \ubd88\uc644\uc804 Proof Test, \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\uac00 \uc788\uc73c\uba74 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uae4c\uc9c0}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub85c}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\ub294 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc744 \\(p_i\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\FHmax\n\\prod_i p_i\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{\\Rmax}{\\prod_i p_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\(\\Rmax\\)\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc0ac\ub9dd\u00b7\uc0c1\ud574 \ub4f1 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc774\uace0,\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\ub294 \uadf8 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFD}\n\n\ubcf4\ud638\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 Demand\ub97c \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(\\FD\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n=\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc794\uc5ec \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ube48\ub3c4\ub294 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4 \uc774\ud558\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\FHmax\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{\\FD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c PFH}\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc640 \uc9c1\uc811 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uace0,\n\\(\\FHmax\\)\uac00 \uc5f0\uac04 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{8760}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc73c\ub85c \ud658\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\ub2e4\ub978 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc774\ub098 \ubcf4\ud638\uacc4\uce35\uc774 \uc788\uc73c\uba74 \uc774\ub97c \uba3c\uc800 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{SIL \uad6c\uac04}\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.90\\textwidth}{p{0.15\\textwidth}XX}\n\\toprule\nSIL & \uc800\uc218\uc694 \\(\\PFDavg\\) & \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \\(PFH\\,[\\mathrm{h}^{-1}]\\) \\\\\n\\midrule\n4 & \\(10^{-5}\\le PFD<10^{-4}\\) & \\(10^{-9}\\le PFH<10^{-8}\\) \\\\\n3 & \\(10^{-4}\\le PFD<10^{-3}\\) & \\(10^{-8}\\le PFH<10^{-7}\\) \\\\\n2 & \\(10^{-3}\\le PFD<10^{-2}\\) & \\(10^{-7}\\le PFH<10^{-6}\\) \\\\\n1 & \\(10^{-2}\\le PFD<10^{-1}\\) & \\(10^{-6}\\le PFH<10^{-5}\\) \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\begin{warningbox}{SIL\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4}\n\uba3c\uc800 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub2e4\uc74c \ubaa9\ud45c \\(PFD\\) \ub610\ub294 \\(PFH\\)\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc5d0 SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc744 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\ub610\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \ub4f1\uae09\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.\n\\end{warningbox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0}\n% =========================================================\n\n\\subsection{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uad6c\uc131}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uacc4\uc7a5\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ubcf4\ud1b5 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc13c\uc11c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\n\\approx\nPFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc124\uacc4\uc0c1 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \\term{\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc608\uc0b0 \ubc30\ubd84}\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4}\n\n\uacfc\uc555 \ucc28\ub2e8\uc6a9 \uc555\ub825\uc13c\uc11c\ub97c \uc608\ub85c \ub4e4\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.29\\textwidth}Xp{0.24\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uacb0\uacfc & \ubd84\ub958 \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29 & \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip & \\(\\lambda_S\\) \\\\\n\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428 & \uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 & \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD \\\\\n\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \\\\\n\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0 & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328 & \\(\\lambda_D\\) \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 \ub178\uc774\uc988 & \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ub610\ub294 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uc601\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ubd84\ub958 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n=\n\\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n+\\cdots\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc5ed\uc0b0}\n\n\ubd80\ud488 \\(i\\)\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \\(PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\\)\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.\n\n\\[\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\le\nPFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774\ub97c \\(\\lambda_{DU,i}\\)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\le\n\\frac{\n2\\left(\nPFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}\n-\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n\\right)\n}{T_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,i}\n\\le\n\\frac{2PFD_{i,\\mathrm{target}}}{T_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{examplebox}{\uc13c\uc11c \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc694\uad6c\uce58}\n\uc13c\uc11c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc744,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}=1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub97c,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790. DD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c,\n\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\end{examplebox}\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uc911\ubcf5\uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0b0\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c 1oo1 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c \ud56d\ubaa9\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item 1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo3 \ub4f1\uc758 Voting \uad6c\uc870\n \\item \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704\n \\item Proof Test Coverage\n \\item \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\n \\item \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd\n \\item \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\n \\item \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ucd5c\uc885 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c PFD\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n=\nf\\left(\n\\lambda_{DU},\n\\lambda_{DD},\nT,\nMDT,\n\\text{Voting},\n\\beta,\n\\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n\\right)\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n1oo2 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub3d9\uc2dc\uace0\uc7a5 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc,\nCCF\ub294 \ub450 \ucc44\ub110\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \uc791\uc740 \\(\\beta\\)\ub3c4 \uc804\uccb4 PFD\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uac01 \uc2dd\uacfc \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub97c \uac1c\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uc808\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc124\uacc4\ub418\ub294 \uc21c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tikzpicture}[\n node distance=5.5mm,\n box\/.style={\n rectangle,\n rounded corners=2pt,\n draw=navy,\n thick,\n fill=bluegray,\n text width=9.6cm,\n minimum height=0.85cm,\n align=center\n },\n arrow\/.style={-{Latex[length=2.1mm]},thick,draw=navy}\n]\n\\node[box] (a) {1. \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of a] (b) {2. \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8 \\(\\Rmax\\)\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of b] (c) {3. \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \\(\\FHmax=\\Rmax\/\\prod p_i\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of c] (d) {4. \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc774\uba74 \\(PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\\), \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d\uc774\uba74 \\(PFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\\)\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of d] (e) {5. \uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of e] (f) {6. \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of f] (g) {7. \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c Safe\/Dangerous, Detected\/Undetected\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of g] (h) {8. \\(\\lambda_{SD},\\lambda_{SU},\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\\)\ub97c \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of h] (i) {9. DD\ub294 \\(Q=\\lambda\/(\\lambda+\\mu)\\approx\\lambda MDT\\), DU\ub294 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of i] (j) {10. Voting\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7CCF\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc81c \\(PFD\/PFH\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\\node[box,below=of j] (k) {11. \uc2e4\uc81c \uac12\uc774 \uc6d0\ub798\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4};\n\n\\draw[arrow] (a)--(b);\n\\draw[arrow] (b)--(c);\n\\draw[arrow] (c)--(d);\n\\draw[arrow] (d)--(e);\n\\draw[arrow] (e)--(f);\n\\draw[arrow] (f)--(g);\n\\draw[arrow] (g)--(h);\n\\draw[arrow] (h)--(i);\n\\draw[arrow] (i)--(j);\n\\draw[arrow] (j)--(k);\n\\end{tikzpicture}\n\\end{center}\n\n\\subsection{1\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc640 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\uba3c\uc800 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud53c\ud574\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc555\ub825 \uc0c1\uc2b9}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ub204\ucd9c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc810\ud654}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc0ac\ub9dd}\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{quote}\n\uc555\ub825\uc774 \uc124\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucd08\uacfc\ud558\uba74 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2dc\uac04 \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \ub2eb\uc544\n\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uc744 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{quote}\n\n\uc774 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc, Trip \uc124\uc815\uac12, \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uc751\ub2f5\uc2dc\uac04, \ubcf4\ud638\ub300\uc0c1 \ubc0f \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc815\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uc815\uc758\uac00 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74 \ubc38\ube0c \uc5f4\ub9bc \uace0\ucc29\uc774\ub098 \uc13c\uc11c Low \uace0\ucc29\uc774 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\uc778\uc9c0 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc778\uc9c0 \ud310\ub2e8\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{2\ub2e8\uacc4: Maximum Tolerable Risk\ub97c \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ub2e4\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\text{\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n\\]\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc758 \uc5f0\uac04 \uc704\ud5d8\uc744\n\\(10^{-5}\\) \uc774\ud558\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\ub098 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc0ac\ub78c \ub610\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\uc885\uc801\uc778 \uc704\ud5d8\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{3\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30\uac00 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud574\ub3c4 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub204\ucd9c, \uc810\ud654, \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub178\ucd9c, \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n\\FHmax\n\\prod_i p_i\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{\\Rmax}{\\prod_i p_i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\n\\Rmax=10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr},\n\\qquad\n\\prod_i p_i=10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n=\n10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc555\ub825\uc6a9\uae30 \ud30c\uc5f4\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \ucd5c\ub300 \ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \\(\\lambda\\)\uc640\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{4\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc800\uc218\uc694\uc640 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \ub4dc\ubb3c\uac8c \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uba74 \uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \ubaa8\ub4dc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Demand \uc21c\uac04\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960\uc778 \\(PFD\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \uc694\uad6c\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba74 \uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ube48\ub3c4\uc778 \\(PFH\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc6b4\uc804\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc815\ub7c9\uc9c0\ud45c}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5} &\\rightarrow PFD_{\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\\\\n\\text{\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5} &\\rightarrow PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\ub97c \\(\\FD\\)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba74,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n=\n\\FD\\times PFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\nF_{\\mathrm{residual}}\n\\le\n\\FHmax\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n\\le\n\\frac{\\FHmax}{\\FD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uac00,\n\n\\[\n\\FD=0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \\(F_D\\)\uac00 \ubd84\uc11d \ub300\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c Demand \ube48\ub3c4\uc774\uace0,\n\ub2e4\ub978 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ubcf4\ud638\uacc4\uce35\uacfc \uc0ac\uace0 \uc804\ud30c\ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc55e \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc77c\uad00\ub418\uac8c \ubc18\uc601\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc804\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{5\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c SIL \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4}\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uc608\uc5d0\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740,\n\n\\[\n10^{-3}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n<\n10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\text{Target SIL}=SIL~2}\n\\]\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 ``SIL 2''\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc6d0\ub798 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n}\n\\]\n\nSIL 2\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uac12\uc778 \\(10^{-2}\\)\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\uba74 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uba74,\n\uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uc870\uac74\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub290\uc2a8\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{6\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc548\uc804\uacc4\uc7a5\uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc13c\uc11c}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84}\n\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 1oo1 \uc9c1\ub82c\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc758 PFD\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF}}\n\\approx\nPFD_S+PFD_L+PFD_F\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uc804\uccb4 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc13c\uc11c, \ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84, \ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \ubc30\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{SIF,target}}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\ucc98\ub7fc \ubc30\ubd84\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabular}{lc}\n\\toprule\n\uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c & \uc608\uc2dc PFD \uc608\uc0b0 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\uc13c\uc11c & \\(1.5\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84 & \\(0.5\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c & \\(3.0\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ud569\uacc4 & \\(5.0\\times10^{-3}\\) \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabular}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc608\uc2dc\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ud45c\uc900\uc774 \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub85c\uc9c1\uc194\ubc84\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ubc30\ubd84\ube44\uc728\uc744 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc2e4\uc81c \ubc30\ubd84\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130, \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc131, \uad6c\uc870, \uc720\uc9c0\ubcf4\uc218\uc131\uacfc \ube44\uc6a9\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{7\ub2e8\uacc4: \uac01 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ubc14\ub85c PFD \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub123\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\n\uba3c\uc800 \uc13c\uc11c\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uc7a5\ub098\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uacfc\uc555\uc6a9 \uc555\ub825\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc608\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{center}\n\\begin{tabularx}{0.96\\textwidth}{>{\\bfseries}p{0.29\\textwidth}Xp{0.24\\textwidth}}\n\\toprule\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc & \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5 & \ubd84\ub958 \uc608 \\\\\n\\midrule\n\ucd9c\ub825 Low \uace0\ucc29 & \uc2e4\uc81c \uacfc\uc555\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud568 & \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \\\\\n\ucd9c\ub825 High \uace0\ucc29 & \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc9d3 Trip \ubc1c\uc0dd & \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\ub2e8\uc120, \uc790\ub3d9\uc9c4\ub2e8\ub428 & \uacbd\ubcf4 \ub610\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 & \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c SD \ub610\ub294 DD \\\\\n\uc77c\uc815\uac12 \uace0\ucc29, \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c & \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \\\\\n\uc751\ub2f5 \uc9c0\uc5f0 & \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc2dc\uac04 \ub0b4 Trip \uc2e4\ud328 & \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5 \\\\\n\\bottomrule\n\\end{tabularx}\n\\end{center}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\ub958\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 \ubd80\ud488 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774\ub2e4.\n\ub0c9\uac01\uc218 \ubc38\ube0c\ucc98\ub7fc \uc5f4\ub824 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \uc548\uc804\ud55c \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2eb\ud798 \uace0\ucc29\uc774 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{8\ub2e8\uacc4: \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \uace0\uc7a5\ubc94\uc8fc\ubcc4\ub85c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4}\n\n\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc \ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ub098\ub208\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{\\mathrm{total}}\n=\n\\lambda_{SD}\n+\n\\lambda_{SU}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD}\n+\n\\lambda_{DU}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_S=\\lambda_{SD}+\\lambda_{SU}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\uace0,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_D=\\lambda_{DD}+\\lambda_{DU}\n\\]\n\n\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n=\n\\lambda_{\\text{Low \uace0\ucc29}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc815\uac12}}\n+\n\\lambda_{\\text{\uc704\ud5d8 \uc751\ub2f5\uc9c0\uc5f0}}\n+\\cdots\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c SIL \uac80\ud1a0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c,\n\uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc2e4\ud328\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{9\ub2e8\uacc4: \\(\\lambda\\)\ub97c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\uc640 PFD\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\uba74 \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf5\uad6c\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\xrightarrow{\\lambda_{DD}}\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5}\n\\xrightarrow{\\mu}\n\\text{\uc815\uc0c1}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c 2\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30 \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}}\n{\\lambda_{DD}+\\mu}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\mu=\\frac{1}{MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uba74,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DD}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n{1+\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0 \uc791\uc740 \uac12\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ_{DD}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DD}MDT_{DD}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc989, \uac80\ucd9c\uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uacfc \uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \uacf1\ud558\uc5ec \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ubc18\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \\(T\\)\uc774\uba74 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0\uc740 \\(T\/2\\)\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nMDT_{DU}\n\\approx\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\nQ_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\lambda_{DU}\n\\left(\n\\frac{T}{2}+MRT+L\n\\right)\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc218\ub9ac\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc791\uc73c\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{DU,\\mathrm{avg}}\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU}T}{2}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub450 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \uac19\uc740 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nQ\n\\approx\n\\lambda\\times\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc9c0\uc18d\uc2dc\uac04}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub2e4\ub9cc DD\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc989\uc2dc \uac80\ucd9c\ub418\ubbc0\ub85c \\(MDT_{DD}\\)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0,\nDU\ub294 Proof Test \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc7a0\ubcf5\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{10\ub2e8\uacc4: \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c PFD\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc800\uc218\uc694 1oo1 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_i\n\\approx\n\\frac{\\lambda_{DU,i}T_i}{2}\n+\n\\lambda_{DD,i}MDT_{DD,i}\n}\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c PFD \uc608\uc0b0\uc774,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uace0 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uac00,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc790.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2PFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}}{T}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uac12\uc740 \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc81c\ud55c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uacfc\uc555 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 \ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 1oo2 \ub610\ub294 2oo3 \uad6c\uc870\ub77c\uba74 \ub2e8\uc21c \ud569\uc0b0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\n\ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item Voting \uad6c\uc870\n \\item \uc9c4\ub2e8\ubc94\uc704\n \\item Proof Test Coverage\n \\item \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc911 Bypass\n \\item \uc218\ub9ac \uc911 \uc6b4\uc804\ubc29\uc2dd\n \\item \ucc44\ub110 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\n \\item \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 CCF\uc640 \\(\\beta\\)\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c PFD\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c,\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n=\nf\\left(\n\\lambda_{DU},\n\\lambda_{DD},\nT,\nMDT,\n\\text{Voting},\n\\beta,\n\\text{Proof Test Coverage}\n\\right)\n\\]\n\n\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{11\ub2e8\uacc4: \ucc98\uc74c \uc124\uc815\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4}\n\n\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub41c SIL \uba85\uce6d\ub07c\ub9ac \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ucc98\uc74c \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud55c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\uce58\ubaa9\ud45c\uc640 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uac12\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\ub610\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc544\ud0a4\ud14d\ucc98 \uc81c\uc57d, \uccb4\uacc4\uc801 \ub2a5\ub825,\n\uac80\uc99d\u00b7\ud655\uc778 \ubc0f \uc0dd\uba85\uc8fc\uae30 \uc694\uad6c\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n\n\\subsection{\uc804\uccb4 \uc218\uce58 \uc608\uc81c\uc758 \uc5f0\uacb0}\n\n\uc55e\uc758 \uacfc\uc555 \ucc28\ub2e8 \uc608\uc81c\ub97c \ud55c \ubc88\uc5d0 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{examplebox}{\ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc13c\uc11c \\(\\lambda_{DU}\\) \uc694\uad6c\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0}\n\\[\n\\Rmax\n=\n10^{-5}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\prod_i p_i\n=\n10^{-2}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\FHmax\n=\n\\frac{10^{-5}}{10^{-2}}\n=\n10^{-3}\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\FD\n=\n0.2\/\\mathrm{yr}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n\\frac{10^{-3}}{0.2}\n=\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 SIL 2 \uad6c\uac04\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc,\n\uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc124\uacc4\ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\n5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\n\uc13c\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \ud560\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\[\nPFD_{S,\\mathrm{target}}\n=\n1.5\\times10^{-3}\n\\]\n\nProof Test \uc8fc\uae30\ub294,\n\n\\[\nT=8760\\unit{h}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\nDD \ud56d\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74,\n\n\\[\n\\lambda_{DU,S}\n\\le\n\\frac{2\\times1.5\\times10^{-3}}{8760}\n=\n3.42\\times10^{-7}\/\\mathrm{h}\n\\]\n\n\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc13c\uc11c \uace0\uc7a5\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\n\\(PFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\\)\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uace0,\n\uc6d0\ub798 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc778 \\(5\\times10^{-3}\\) \uc774\ud558\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{examplebox}\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec}\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{\uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8}\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c }PFD\/PFH\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\ubaa9\ud45c SIL}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 }\\lambda_{DD},\\lambda_{DU}\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2dc\uac04\uc694\uc18c }MDT,T\n\\\\\n&\\rightarrow\n\\text{\uc2e4\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c }PFD\/PFH\n\\end{aligned}\n}\n\\]\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\n% =========================================================\n\\section{\ucd5c\uc885 \ud310\uc815\uacfc \uc8fc\uc758\uc0ac\ud56d}\n% =========================================================\n\n\uc800\uc218\uc694 \uae30\ub2a5\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFD_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFD_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uace0\uc218\uc694\u00b7\uc5f0\uc18d \uae30\ub2a5\uc740,\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\nPFH_{\\mathrm{assessed}}\n\\le\nPFH_{\\mathrm{target}}\n}\n\\]\n\n\uc744 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\ub9cc \ub9cc\uc871\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 SIL\uc774 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ub2ec\uc131\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc544\ud0a4\ud14d\ucc98 \uc81c\uc57d\uacfc \uccb4\uacc4\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub3c4 \ud568\uaed8 \ucda9\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{keybox}{\ucd5c\uc885 \ud575\uc2ec \ubb38\uc7a5}\nMaximum Tolerable Risk\ub294 \ucd5c\uc885 \ud53c\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc774\ub2e4.\nMaximum Tolerable Failure Rate\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ube48\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.\nPFD\uc640 PFH\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ub7c9\ubaa9\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\n\\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc774\ub2e4.\n\n\ubd80\ud488\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \\(\\lambda\\)\ub294 \uc548\uc804\u00b7\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc0f \uac80\ucd9c\u00b7\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc740\n\\[\nQ=\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda+\\mu}\n=\n\\frac{\\lambda MDT}{1+\\lambda MDT}\n\\approx\\lambda MDT\n\\]\n\ub85c \ube44\uac00\uc6a9\ub3c4\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\uc740 Proof Test\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0 \uac80\ucd9c\uc9c0\uc5f0 \\(T\/2\\)\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\n\uc774 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c Voting \uad6c\uc870\uc640 CCF\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uacb0\ud569\ud558\uc5ec\n\uc6d0\ub798 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \ubaa9\ud45c \\(PFD\\) \ub610\ub294 \\(PFH\\)\uc758 \ucda9\uc871 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub97c \ud310\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\n\\end{keybox}\n\n\\section*{\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc}\n\\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc}\n\nDavid J. Smith and Kenneth G. L. Simpson,\n\\eng{The Safety Critical Systems Handbook:\nA Straightforward Guide to Functional Safety, IEC 61508, IEC 61511 and Related Guidance},\n4th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016,\nChapters 1, 2, and 5.\n\n\\end{document}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \u2014 \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0 Chapter 1\u00b72\u00b75 \ud1b5\ud569 \uc815\ub9ac \ud5c8\uc6a9\uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa9\ud45c SIL, \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc, \ubd80\ud488 \uc704\ud5d8\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ubc94\uc704 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