{"id":9457,"date":"2026-09-06T21:22:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-06T12:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/?p=9457"},"modified":"2026-09-21T23:27:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T14:27:38","slug":"lessons-in-industrial-instrumentation-chapter-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/lessons-in-industrial-instrumentation-chapter-13\/","title":{"rendered":"Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation, Chapter 13"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n<title>Chapter 13: \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21 \uc644\ubcbd \uac00\uc774\ub4dc<\/title>\n\n<style>\n\/* =========================================================\n   Chapter 13 - Chapter 19 Wide Style\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n\n  width: min(1500px, calc(100vw - 40px));\n  max-width: none !important;\n\n  margin-left: 50% !important;\n  margin-right: 0 !important;\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\n\n  padding: 42px 50px 80px;\n\n  background: #f5f6f8;\n  color: #222;\n\n  font-family:\n    Arial,\n    \"Noto Sans KR\",\n    \"Apple SD Gothic Neo\",\n    sans-serif;\n\n  font-size: 20px;\n  line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide *,\n.chapter13-wide *::before,\n.chapter13-wide *::after {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   \uc81c\ubaa9\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide h1 {\n  font-size: 42px;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  margin: 0 0 12px;\n  color: #1a365d;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide h2 {\n  font-size: 30px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n\n  margin-top: 58px;\n  padding-bottom: 12px;\n\n  color: #2b6cb0;\n\n  border-bottom: 2px solid #d5d5d5;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide h3 {\n  font-size: 25px;\n  line-height: 1.45;\n  margin-top: 36px;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide h4 {\n  font-size: 22px;\n  line-height: 1.45;\n  margin-top: 28px;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide .subtitle {\n  color: #666;\n  margin-bottom: 32px;\n  font-size: 20px;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   \uc77c\ubc18 \ubcf8\ubb38\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide p,\n.chapter13-wide li {\n  font-size: 20px;\n  line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Card\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .card {\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n\n  padding: 30px 34px;\n  margin: 24px 0;\n\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Flow\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .flow {\n  background: #fafafa;\n\n  border-left: 6px solid #555;\n\n  padding: 24px 28px;\n  margin: 24px 0;\n\n  text-align: center;\n\n  font-size: 22px;\n  line-height: 1.8;\n  font-weight: 700;\n\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Formula\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .formula {\n  margin: 24px 0;\n\n  text-align: center;\n\n  font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;\n\n  font-size: 26px;\n  line-height: 1.7;\n\n  overflow-x: auto;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Memory \/ Callout\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .memory,\n.chapter13-wide .callout {\n  background: #eef6ff;\n\n  border-left: 6px solid #3182ce;\n  border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;\n\n  padding: 24px 28px;\n  margin: 24px 0;\n\n  font-size: 20px;\n  line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Warning\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .warning {\n  background: #fff8e1;\n\n  border-left: 6px solid #d8a300;\n\n  padding: 22px 28px;\n  margin: 24px 0;\n\n  font-size: 20px;\n  line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Story\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .story {\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border-left: 6px solid #888;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  padding: 28px 32px;\n  margin: 24px 0;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Table\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .table-wrap {\n  width: 100%;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n\n  margin: 24px 0;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide table {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 850px;\n\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  font-size: 19px;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide th,\n.chapter13-wide td {\n  border: 1px solid #ddd;\n\n  padding: 16px 18px;\n\n  text-align: left;\n  vertical-align: top;\n\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide th {\n  background: #2b6cb0;\n  color: #fff;\n\n  font-size: 20px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide tr:nth-child(even) {\n  background: #f7fafc;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Grid\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .grid-2 {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 24px;\n\n  margin: 24px 0;\n}\n\n.chapter13-wide .grid-3 {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 20px;\n\n  margin: 24px 0;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Sequence\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .sequence {\n  padding: 26px 30px;\n  margin: 26px 0;\n\n  background: #f1f3f5;\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 23px;\n  line-height: 1.7;\n  font-weight: 700;\n\n  text-align: center;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Keywords\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.chapter13-wide .keywords {\n  margin-top: 60px;\n\n  padding: 24px 28px;\n\n  background: #222;\n  color: #fff;\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 21px;\n  line-height: 1.7;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Tablet\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 1000px) {\n\n  .chapter13-wide {\n    width: calc(100vw - 24px);\n\n    padding: 32px 24px 60px;\n\n    font-size: 18px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide p,\n  .chapter13-wide li {\n    font-size: 18px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide .flow {\n    font-size: 19px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide .grid-3 {\n    grid-template-columns:\n      repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n  }\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Mobile\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 700px) {\n\n  .chapter13-wide {\n    width: calc(100vw - 12px);\n\n    padding: 24px 14px 50px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide h1 {\n    font-size: 30px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide h2 {\n    font-size: 25px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide h3 {\n    font-size: 22px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide p,\n  .chapter13-wide li {\n    font-size: 17px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide .flow {\n    font-size: 18px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide .formula {\n    font-size: 21px;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide .grid-2,\n  .chapter13-wide .grid-3 {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n\n  .chapter13-wide table {\n    min-width: 700px;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div class=\"chapter13-wide\">\n\n  <h1>Chapter 13: \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21<\/h1>\n\n  <div class=\"subtitle\">\n    Analog Electronic Instrumentation\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <div class=\"callout\">\n    <strong>\ud83d\udca1 \ud559\uc2b5 \ubc29\ud5a5<\/strong><br><br>\n\n    \ub2e8\uc21c \uc554\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098 \uc65c 4\u201320 mA\uac00 \ud45c\uc900\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70,\n    \uac01 \uacb0\uc120 \ubc29\uc2dd(2-wire, 4-wire Active\/Passive)\uc774\n    \uc65c \ud0c4\uc0dd\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\n    <strong>\uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc640 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4<\/strong>\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>1. \uc65c \uc804\uc555\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc804\ub958(4\u201320 mA)\uc77c\uae4c?<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uacf5\uc7a5\uc758 \uc13c\uc11c \uce21\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucee8\ud2b8\ub864\ub7ec\ub85c \ubcf4\ub0bc \ub54c\n      0\u201310 V \uc804\uc555 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \uba85\ud655\ud558\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <h3>\uc804\uc555 \uac15\ud558 \uadf9\ubcf5<\/h3>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc804\uc120\uc774 \uae38\uc5b4\uc9c0\uba74 \uc120\ub85c \uc800\ud56d \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc804\uc555\uc740 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n      \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc9c1\ub82c current loop\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\n      <strong>\ub8e8\ud504 \ub0b4 \uc804\ub958\uac00 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\uac8c \ud750\ub978\ub2e4.<\/strong>\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Long Cable\n      \u2192 Wire Resistance \uc99d\uac00\n      \u2192 Voltage Drop \ubc1c\uc0dd\n      <br><br>\n      Current Loop\n      \u2192 Series Current \uc720\uc9c0\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <h3>Live Zero<\/h3>\n\n    <p>\n      4\u201320 mA\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uce21\uc815\ubc94\uc704\uc758 \ucd5c\uc800\uac12\uc744\n      0 mA\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c 4 mA\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        4 mA = \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 0% \uce21\uc815\uac12<br>\n        0 mA = \ub2e8\uc120 \ub610\ub294 \uc804\uc6d0 \uc774\uc0c1\uc744 \uc758\uc2ec\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uce21\uc815\uac12 0%\uc640 \ucf00\uc774\ube14 \ub2e8\uc120 \ub610\ub294 \uc804\uc6d0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744\n      \uad6c\ubcc4\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub610\ud55c 2-wire transmitter\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\n      \uc774 loop current\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec\n      transmitter \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\uc758 \ub3d9\uc791 \uc804\uc6d0\ub3c4 \ud655\ubcf4\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>2. \ud575\uc2ec \uc6a9\uc5b4 \uc815\uc758<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"grid-2\">\n\n    <div class=\"card\">\n\n      <h3>Current Loop<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\n        4\u201320 mA \ud45c\uc900 \uc2e0\ud638\ub85c\n        \ud604\uc7a5 process variable\uc744 \uc804\uc1a1\ud558\ub294\n        analog signal transmission \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"card\">\n\n      <h3>2-Wire Transmitter<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\n        Signal\uacfc power\uac00 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ub450 \uc120\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud55c\ub2e4.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <p>\n        \uc218\uc2e0 \uce21\uc774 loop power\ub97c \uacf5\uae09\ud558\uace0,\n        transmitter\ub294 loop current\ub97c \uc870\uc808\ud55c\ub2e4.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"card\">\n\n      <h3>Active \/ Sourcing<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\n        Transmitter\uac00 signal loop\uc5d0\n        \uc9c1\uc811 power\uc640 current\ub97c \uacf5\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"memory\">\n        <strong>Active = Source<\/strong>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"card\">\n\n      <h3>Passive \/ Sinking<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\n        Signal loop \uc804\uc6d0\uc740 \uc678\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uae09\ubc1b\uace0,\n        transmitter\ub294 loop current\ub97c \uc870\uc808\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"memory\">\n        <strong>Passive = Sink<\/strong>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>3. \uc6a9\uc5b4 \uac04 \uad00\uacc4 \ubc0f \ube44\uad50 \uad6c\uc870<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <div class=\"memory\">\n      <strong>\n        \uacc4\uce21 \uacb0\uc120\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc9c8\ubb38:<br><br>\n        \ub204\uac00 \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uacf5\uae09(Source)\ud558\uace0,\n        \ub204\uac00 \uc804\ub958\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544 \uc870\uc808(Sink)\ud558\ub294\uac00?\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"table-wrap\">\n\n      <table>\n\n        <thead>\n\n          <tr>\n            <th>\uad6c\ubd84<\/th>\n            <th>\ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c \uc804\uc6d0<\/th>\n            <th>\uc2e0\ud638 \ub8e8\ud504 \uc804\uc6d0<\/th>\n            <th>\ub8e8\ud504 \ub0b4 \uc5ed\ud560<\/th>\n          <\/tr>\n\n        <\/thead>\n\n        <tbody>\n\n          <tr>\n            <td><strong>2-Wire<\/strong><\/td>\n            <td>Loop current\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9<\/td>\n            <td>\uc218\uc2e0 \uce21(PLC\/DCS) \uacf5\uae09<\/td>\n            <td>Sink<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n\n          <tr>\n            <td><strong>4-Wire Active<\/strong><\/td>\n            <td>\ubcc4\ub3c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0<\/td>\n            <td>Transmitter \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uacf5\uae09<\/td>\n            <td>Source<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n\n          <tr>\n            <td><strong>4-Wire Passive<\/strong><\/td>\n            <td>\ubcc4\ub3c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0<\/td>\n            <td>\uc218\uc2e0 \uce21(PLC\/DCS) \uacf5\uae09<\/td>\n            <td>Sink<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n\n        <\/tbody>\n\n      <\/table>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>4. \uc65c 4-Wire Passive \ud0c0\uc785\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"story\">\n\n    <p>\n      \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 PLC analog input card\ub294\n      2-wire transmitter\ub97c \uc218\uc6a9\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\n      24 V loop power\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 signal loop\uc5d0 \uc790\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uacf5\uae09\ud558\ub294\n      Active transmitter\ub97c \uc798\ubabb \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uba74\n      \ub450 source\uac00 \ucda9\ub3cc\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"warning\">\n      <strong>\n        Source + Source \uc5f0\uacb0\n        \u2192 Power Conflict \uac00\ub2a5\n      <\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub530\ub77c\uc11c transmitter \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\ub294\n      \ubcc4\ub3c4 \uc804\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c power\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4,\n      output interface\ub294 \uae30\uc874 PLC loop power\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d\n      passive output\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Transmitter Internal Circuit\n      \u2192 Independent Power\n      <br><br>\n      Signal Output\n      \u2192 External Loop Power\n      \u2192 Passive \/ Sink\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>5. \uacb0\uc120 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \uad00\uacc4<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"card\">\n\n    <h3>2-Wire<\/h3>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      PLC \/ DCS Power\n      \u2192 Transmitter\n      \u2192 4\u201320 mA\n      \u2192 PLC \/ DCS Input\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      Power\uc640 signal\uc774 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ub450 \uc120\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n\n    <h3>4-Wire Active<\/h3>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Independent Power\n      \u2192 Transmitter\n      \u2192 Transmitter\uac00 Signal Loop Current \uacf5\uae09\n      \u2192 PLC \/ DCS Input\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <h3>4-Wire Passive<\/h3>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Independent Power\n      \u2192 Transmitter Internal Circuit\n      <br><br>\n      PLC \/ DCS Loop Power\n      \u2192 Transmitter Output\n      \u2192 PLC \/ DCS Input\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>6. \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 Troubleshooting<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"story\">\n\n    <h3>Step 1. PLC \ud654\uba74\uc758 \uac12\uc774 \uc774\uc0c1\ud558\ub2e4<\/h3>\n\n    <p>\n      \uba3c\uc800 \uc2e4\uc81c loop current\uac00 \uc815\uc0c1\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Process\n      \u2192 Transmitter\n      \u2192 4\u201320 mA\n      \u2192 PLC\/DCS\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"story\">\n\n    <h3>Step 2. \uc120\uc744 \ub04a\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n\n    <p>\n      \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0 \ube44\uce68\uc2b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c current\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <ul>\n      <li>\n        Clamp\ud615 DC milliammeter\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\n        current\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294 magnetic field\ub97c \uce21\uc815\n      <\/li>\n\n      <li>\n        Receiver resistance \uc591\ub2e8\uc758 voltage\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\uace0\n        Ohm&#8217;s law\ub85c current \uacc4\uc0b0\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <div class=\"formula\">\n      I = V \/ R\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 250 \u03a9 resistor\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0\n      resistor \uc591\ub2e8 voltage\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\uc5ec\n      loop current\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"story\">\n\n    <h3>Step 3. Transmitter\uc640 PLC \uc911 \ub204\uac00 \ubb38\uc81c\uc778\uc9c0 \ubd84\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4<\/h3>\n\n    <p>\n      Loop calibrator\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\n      PLC analog input\uc5d0 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 current\ub97c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc785\ub825\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"sequence\">\n      4 mA \u2192 12 mA \u2192 20 mA\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      PLC \ud654\uba74\uc774 \uc785\ub825 current\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\uba74\n      PLC input\uacfc scaling\uc740 \uc815\uc0c1\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud310\ub2e8\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"flow\">\n      Known Current\n      \u2192 PLC\/DCS Input\n      \u2192 Display \ud655\uc778\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>\n      \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubb38\uc81c \uad6c\uac04\uc744\n      transmitter \uce21\uacfc controller \uce21\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>7. \uc6a9\uc5b4 \uac04 \uad00\uacc4<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"table-wrap\">\n\n    <table>\n\n      <thead>\n\n        <tr>\n          <th>\uc9c8\ubb38<\/th>\n          <th>\ud575\uc2ec \uac1c\ub150<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/thead>\n\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>\uc65c current\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/td>\n          <td>Long-distance transmission, voltage drop \uc601\ud5a5 \uac10\uc18c<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>\uc65c 4 mA\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/td>\n          <td>Live Zero, fault detection, 2-wire power<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>\ub204\uac00 loop power\ub97c \uacf5\uae09\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/td>\n          <td>Source \/ Sink \uad6c\ubd84<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>2-wire\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740?<\/td>\n          <td>Power\uc640 signal \uacf5\uc720<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>4-wire\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740?<\/td>\n          <td>Internal power\uc640 signal interface \ubd84\ub9ac \uac00\ub2a5<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td>\uace0\uc7a5 \uc704\uce58\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ucc3e\ub294\uac00?<\/td>\n          <td>Loop current \uce21\uc815 \ubc0f known current injection<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>8. \uae30\uc5b5\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc804\uccb4 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"story\">\n\n    <p>\n      \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \ud604\uc7a5 transmitter\uc758 \uac12\uc744\n      controller\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc804\ub2ec\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      \uae34 \ucf00\uc774\ube14\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 voltage drop\uc774 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c\n      current loop\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      0 mA\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uba74 \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 0% \uce21\uc815\uac12\uacfc\n      \ub2e8\uc120\uc744 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud558\uae30 \uc5b4\ub835\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0\n      4 mA\ub97c live zero\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      Transmitter\uac00 loop\uc5d0\uc11c power\uae4c\uc9c0 \uacf5\uae09\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0,\n      \uc678\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uae09\ub41c power\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\n      active\uc640 passive\uac00 \uad6c\ubd84\ub41c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      2-wire transmitter\ub294\n      \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ub450 \uc120\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 power\uc640 signal\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      4-wire transmitter\ub294 \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\uc5d0 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uace0,\n      output\uc740 active \ub610\ub294 passive \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n    <p>\n      \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uba74 loop current\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\uace0,\n      \ud544\uc694\ud558\uba74 loop calibrator\ub85c known current\ub97c \uc8fc\uc785\ud558\uc5ec\n      transmitter\uc640 PLC\/DCS \uc911 \uc5b4\ub290 \uad6c\uac04\uc5d0 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \ubd84\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <h2>9. \ucd5c\uc885 \uc554\uae30 \uad6c\uc870<\/h2>\n\n  <div class=\"flow\">\n    Process Variable\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    Transmitter\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    4\u201320 mA Current Loop\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    2-Wire \/ 4-Wire\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    Active(Source) \/ Passive(Sink)\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    PLC \/ DCS\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    Current Measurement \/ Loop Calibration\n    <br>\u2193<br>\n    Reliable Signal Transmission\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <!-- ================================================= -->\n  <div class=\"keywords\">\n    4\u201320 mA Current Loop, Live Zero, 2-Wire Transmitter, Active-Passive Output, Loop Troubleshooting\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Lessons_In_Industrial_Instrumentation-2.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Lessons_In_Industrial_Instrumentation-2\uc758 \uc0bd\uc785.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-95189937-6926-4eef-82fb-4aca78f4633d\" href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Lessons_In_Industrial_Instrumentation-2.pdf\">Lessons_In_Industrial_Instrumentation-2<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Lessons_In_Industrial_Instrumentation-2.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-95189937-6926-4eef-82fb-4aca78f4633d\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\\documentclass&#91;11pt,a4paper]{article}\n\\usepackage&#91;utf8]{inputenc}\n\\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}\n\\usepackage{geometry}\n\\geometry{margin=25mm}\n\\usepackage{hyperref}\n\\usepackage{xcolor}\n\\usepackage{fancyhdr}\n\\documentclass&#91;11pt,a4paper]{article}\n\\usepackage&#91;utf8]{inputenc}\n\\usepackage{kotex} % \ud55c\uae00 \uc9c0\uc6d0 \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\n\\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}\n\\usepackage{geometry}\n\\geometry{margin=25mm}\n\\usepackage{hyperref}\n\\usepackage{xcolor}\n\\usepackage{fancyhdr}\n\n% \uc774\ud6c4 \ubcf8\ubb38 \ucf54\ub4dc \uc791\uc131...\n\\pagestyle{fancy}\n\\fancyhf{}\n\\rhead{\uc0b0\uc5c5\uacc4\uce21\uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uc220\uc0ac \ud559\uc2b5 \ub178\ud2b8}\n\\lhead{Chapter 13: Analog Electronic Instrumentation}\n\\cfoot{\\thepage}\n\n\\title{\\textbf{Chapter 13: \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21 (Analog Electronic Instrumentation) \ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uc815\ub9ac}}\n\\author{\uc0b0\uc5c5\uacc4\uce21\uc81c\uc5b4\uae30\uc220\uc0ac \uc218\ud5d8\uc0dd}\n\\date{\\today}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\maketitle\n\n\\begin{abstract}\n\ubcf8 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ubf08\ub300\uc778 4--20 mA \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\ub958 \ub8e8\ud504(Current Loop) \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \ub2e8\uc21c \uc554\uae30\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \uae30\uc220\uc801 ``\uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac''\ub97c \ub530\ub77c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \uc815\ub9ac\ud55c \ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \ud3ec\uc2a4\ud305\uc6a9 \uc6d0\uace0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. 2\uc120\uc2dd, 4\uc120\uc2dd \uc561\ud2f0\ube0c(Sourcing), 4\uc120\uc2dd \ud328\uc2dc\ube0c(Sinking)\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uc0c1\ud638 \uad00\uacc4, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc2e4\ubb34 \ud2b8\ub7ec\ube14\uc288\ud305 \uae30\ubc95\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8f9\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\\end{abstract}\n\n\\section{\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c \uc804\uc555\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc804\ub958(4--20 mA)\uc77c\uae4c?}\n\uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud604\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uce21\uc815\uac12(\uc628\ub3c4, \uc555\ub825 \ub4f1)\uc744 \ucee8\ud2b8\ub864\ub7ec(PLC\/DCS)\ub85c \ubcf4\ub0bc \ub54c, 0--10V \uac19\uc740 \uc804\uc555 \uc2e0\ud638 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc65c \uad73\uc774 4--20 mA \uc804\ub958 \uc2e0\ud638\ub97c \ud45c\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560\uae4c\uc694? \n\\begin{itemize}\n    \\item \\textbf{\uc804\uc555 \uac15\ud558\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc810}: \uc804\uc120\uc774 \uae38\uc5b4\uc9c0\uba74 \uc120\ub85c \uc800\ud56d($R_{wire}$) \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc804\uc555\uc774 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838(Drop) \uc624\ucc28\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n    \\item \\textbf{\uc804\ub958\uc758 \ubd88\ubcc0\uc131}: \uc9c1\ub82c \ud68c\ub85c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ub958\ub294 \uc120\ub85c \uae38\uc774\uc5d0 \uc0c1\uad00\uc5c6\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \ud750\ub974\ubbc0\ub85c \uc6d0\uac70\ub9ac \uc804\uc1a1\uc5d0 \uc808\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc720\ub9ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n    \\item \\textbf{Live Zero ($4\\text{ mA}$\uc758 \ub9c8\ubc95)}: \ucd5c\uc800 \uc2e0\ud638\ub97c $0\\text{ mA}$\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc $4\\text{ mA}$\ub85c \uc124\uc815\ud558\uc5ec, \ud68c\uc120 \ub2e8\uc120\uc774\ub098 \uc804\uc6d0 \uace0\uc7a5($0\\text{ mA}$)\uc744 \uc989\uc2dc \uac10\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \\textit{Watchdog(\ud558\ud2b8\ube44\ud2b8)} \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc774 $4\\text{ mA}$ \ubca0\uc774\uc2a4 \uc804\ub958\ub294 2\uc120\uc2dd \uae30\uae30\uc758 \ub3d9\uc791 \uc804\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \ud65c\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\\section{1. \ud575\uc2ec \uc6a9\uc5b4 \uc815\uc758}\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item \\textbf{Current Loop (\uc804\ub958 \ub8e8\ud504)}: \uc13c\uc11c \uce21\uc815\uac12\uc744 4--20 mA \uc804\ub958 \ud06c\uae30\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud558\uc5ec \uc804\uc1a1\ud558\ub294 \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \ud45c\uc900 \ud1b5\uc2e0 \ubc29\uc2dd.\n    \\item \\textbf{2-Wire Transmitter (2\uc120\uc2dd \ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ubbf8\ud130)}: \uc804\ub825\uc120\uacfc \uc2e0\ud638\uc120\uc744 2\uac00\ub2e5\uc73c\ub85c \uacf5\uc720\ud558\ub294 \ub8e8\ud504 \ud30c\uc6cc\ub4dc(Loop-powered) \ubc29\uc2dd. \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\ub294 $4\\text{ mA}$ \ubbf8\ub9cc\uc758 \uc804\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n    \\item \\textbf{Active \/ Sourcing (\uc561\ud2f0\ube0c\/\uc18c\uc2f1)}: \ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ubbf8\ud130\uac00 \ub0b4\ubd80 \uc804\uc6d0\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c 4--20 mA \uc2e0\ud638 \ub8e8\ud504\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc804\uc6d0\uacfc \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uacf5\uae09\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd (\\textit{Electrical Source}).\n    \\item \\textbf{Passive \/ Sinking (\ud328\uc2dc\ube0c\/\uc2f1\ud0b9)}: \ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\ub3d9\ud558\ub418, \uc2e0\ud638 \ub8e8\ud504 \uc804\ub958\ub294 \uc218\uc2e0 \uce21(PLC)\uc758 \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544 \uc870\uc808\ub9cc \ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd (\\textit{Electrical Load}).\n    \\item \\textbf{Clamp-on DC Milliammeter (\ud074\ub7a8\ud504\ud615 \uc9c1\ub958 \ubc00\ub9ac\uc554\ubbf8\ud130)}: \ud68c\uc120\uc744 \ub04a\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0(\ube44\uce68\uc2b5\uc801) \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uac10\uc9c0\ud574 \uc9c1\ub958 \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ud544\uc218 \ud2b8\ub7ec\ube14\uc288\ud305 \ub3c4\uad6c.\n\\end{enumerate}\n\n\\section{2. \uc6a9\uc5b4 \uac04\uc758 \uad00\uacc4 \ubc0f \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ube44\uad50}\n\uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uacc4\uce21 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 \uc124\uacc4\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uacb0\uc120\ud560 \ub54c \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \\textbf{``\ub204\uac00 \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uacf5\uae09\ud558\uace0(Source), \ub204\uac00 \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uc18c\ubaa8\ud558\ub294\uac00(Sink)?''}\ub97c \ud30c\uc545\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n\\begin{table}&#91;h!]\n\\centering\n\\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}\n\\hline\n\\textbf{\uad6c\ubd84} &amp; \\textbf{\ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c \uc804\uc6d0} &amp; \\textbf{\uc2e0\ud638 \ub8e8\ud504 \uc804\uc6d0} &amp; \\textbf{\ub8e8\ud504 \ub0b4 \uc5ed\ud560} \\\\ \\hline\n\\textbf{2-Wire} &amp; \ub8e8\ud504 \uc804\ub958($&lt;4\\text{ mA}$)\ub85c \uc790\uccb4 \ud574\uacb0 &amp; \uc218\uc2e0 \uce21(PLC) \uacf5\uae09 &amp; \ubd80\ud558 (Sink) \\\\ \\hline\n\\textbf{4-Wire Active} &amp; \ubcc4\ub3c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0 &amp; \\textbf{\ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ubbf8\ud130\uac00 \uacf5\uae09} &amp; \uacf5\uae09\uc6d0 (Source) \\\\ \\hline\n\\textbf{4-Wire Passive} &amp; \ubcc4\ub3c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0 &amp; \\textbf{\uc218\uc2e0 \uce21(PLC) \uacf5\uae09} &amp; \ubd80\ud558 (Sink) \\\\ \\hline\n\\end{tabular}\n\\caption{\uc804\uc1a1 \ubc29\uc2dd\ubcc4 \uc804\uc6d0 \uacf5\uae09 \uc8fc\uccb4 \ubc0f \uc5ed\ud560 \ube44\uad50}\n\\label{tab:comparison}\n\\end{table}\n\n\\subsection{\uc65c 4\uc120\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ud328\uc2dc\ube0c(Sinking) \ud0c0\uc785\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud560\uae4c?}\n\ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ucee8\ud2b8\ub864\ub7ec(PLC\/DCS) \uc785\ub825 \uce74\ub4dc\ub294 \uacfc\uac70 2\uc120\uc2dd \uae30\uae30 \uc218\uc6a9\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub0b4\ubd80 \ub8e8\ud504 \uc804\uc6d0(24V)\uc744 \uae30\ubcf8 \ub0b4\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uc790\uccb4 \uacf5\uae09\ud558\ub294 Active 4\uc120\uc2dd\uc744 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uba74 \\textbf{\uc804\uc6d0 \ucda9\ub3cc(Power Conflict)}\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c ``\ub0b4\ubd80 \ud68c\ub85c\ub294 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc804\ub825\uc774 \ub9ce\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud574 4\uc120\uc2dd \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc6d0\uc744 \uc4f0\ub418, \uc778\ud130\ud398\uc774\uc2a4\ub294 \uae30\uc874 PLC \uc804\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucdb0 \uc548\uc804\ud558\uac8c \uc2f1\ud06c(Passive)\ub85c \ub3d9\uc791''\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n\\section{3. \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \ud2b8\ub7ec\ube14\uc288\ud305 (Troubleshooting)}\n\ud604\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uae30\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5 \ub0ac\uc744 \ub54c\uc758 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub97c \ub530\ub77c\uac00 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.\n\\begin{itemize}\n    \\item \\textbf{\uc0c1\ud669 1: \uc120\uc744 \ub04a\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c (\ube44\uce68\uc2b5 \uc810\uac80)}: \ud074\ub7a8\ud504\ud615 DC \ubc00\ub9ac\uc554\ubbf8\ud130\ub85c \uc804\uc120 \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc758 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uce21\uc815\ud558\uac70\ub098, \uc218\uc2e0 \uce21 \uc800\ud56d($250\\,\\Omega$) \uc591\ub2e8\uc758 \uc804\uc555 \uac15\ub3c4\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud574 \uc634\uc758 \ubc95\uce59($I = V \/ R$)\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ub958\ub97c \uc5ed\uc0b0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n    \\item \\textbf{\uc0c1\ud669 2: \uace0\uc7a5 \uad6c\uac04 \ubd84\ub9ac (Isolation)}: \ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ubbf8\ud130 \ubb38\uc81c\uc778\uc9c0 PLC \uc785\ub825 \uce74\ub4dc \ubb38\uc81c\uc778\uc9c0 \ud5f7\uac08\ub9b4 \ub54c, \\textbf{\ub8e8\ud504 \uce98\ub9ac\ube0c\ub808\uc774\ud130(Loop Calibrator)}\ub97c \uaebc\ub0c5\ub2c8\ub2e4. PLC\uc5d0 \uac15\uc81c\ub85c $4, 12, 20\\text{ mA}$\ub97c \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc73c\ub85c \uc3f4\uc8fc\uc5b4 \ud654\uba74\uc5d0 \uc815\uc0c1 \ud45c\uc2dc\ub418\uba74 PLC\uc640 \ucf00\uc774\ube14\uc740 \uc815\uc0c1, \ubc94\uc778\uc740 \ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ubbf8\ud130\ub85c \ud655\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\\end{itemize}\n\n\\section{\ub9fa\uc74c\ub9d0}\n\uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc554\uae30\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \\textbf{``\uc804\ub958\uc758 \ubd88\ubcc0\uc131, Live Zero\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uc131, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc804\uc6d0 \uacf5\uae09\uc6d0\uacfc \ubd80\ud558\uc758 \uad00\uacc4(Sourcing vs Sinking)''}\ub77c\ub294 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\ub85c \uc5ee\uc5ec \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uba74 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uacb0\uc120\ub3c4 \ub450\ub835\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\n\\end{document}<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 13: \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21 \uc644\ubcbd \uac00\uc774\ub4dc Chapter 13: \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \uc804\uc790\uc2dd \uacc4\uce21 Analog Electronic Instrumentation \ud83d\udca1 \ud559\uc2b5 \ubc29\ud5a5 \ub2e8\uc21c \uc554\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098 \uc65c 4\u201320 mA\uac00 \ud45c\uc900\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uac01 \uacb0\uc120 \ubc29\uc2dd(2-wire, 4-wire Active\/Passive)\uc774 \uc65c \ud0c4\uc0dd\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc640 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4. 1. \uc65c \uc804\uc555\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc804\ub958(4\u201320 mA)\uc77c\uae4c? \uacf5\uc7a5\uc758 \uc13c\uc11c \uce21\uc815\uac12\uc744 \ucee8\ud2b8\ub864\ub7ec\ub85c \ubcf4\ub0bc \ub54c 0\u201310 V \uc804\uc555 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc804\ub958\ub97c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1185],"tags":[2178,1999,2176,2177,2175],"class_list":["post-9457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1185","tag-2-2","tag-1999","tag-2176","tag-2177","tag-2175"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9457"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9513,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9457\/revisions\/9513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9457"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}