{"id":9839,"date":"2026-11-03T22:52:30","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T13:52:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/?p=9839"},"modified":"2026-11-03T22:52:30","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T13:52:30","slug":"chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 32.2\u201332.6.4 \ud655\ub960\u00b7\uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\u00b7SIS \uc548\uc804\uc124\uacc4"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n<p>\/* Chapter 19 wide layout, self-contained for standalone and WordPress Custom HTML *\/\n.chapter19-wide{--ink:#183049;--muted:#536577;--teal:#006b76;--soft:#eef6f7;--line:#d9e4ea;--paper:#fff;color:var(--ink);background:#fff;max-width:1220px;margin:0 auto;padding:30px 40px 75px;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:\"Pretendard\",\"Noto Sans KR\",\"Malgun Gothic\",\"Apple SD Gothic 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class=\"chapter19-wide\">\n<header class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"eyebrow\">LESSONS IN INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION \u00b7 CHAPTER 32 \u00b7 STUDY NOTES<\/div>\n<h1>Chapter 32.2\u201332.6.4 \ud655\ub960\u00b7\uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\u00b7SIS \uc548\uc804\uc124\uacc4<\/h1>\n<div class=\"subtitle\">\ud655\ub960\uacfc \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \u2192 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\u00b7\uac00\uc6a9\uc131 \u2192 \uace0\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc124\uacc4 \u2192 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638 \u2192 SIF\u00b7SIS\u00b7SIL<\/div>\n<div class=\"meta\">\ud559\uc2b5\uc77c 2026-11-03 \u00b7 \ud544\uae30 \uc2a4\uce94 8\ucabd + \ub2f9\uc77c \uc6d0\uc11c \ud559\uc2b5 \ubc0f \uc9c8\uc758\uc751\ub2f5 \u00b7 Chapter 19 \uc640\uc774\ub4dc CSS<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"callout\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">\uc774 \uae00\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec \uc9c8\ubb38<\/div>\n<p>\u201c<strong>\uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 \uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud574 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44\uac00 \uba48\ucd98 \uc2dc\uac04\ub3c4 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ub2f5: \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/strong> \ub2e8, \uc2e4\uc81c \uc548\uc804\uc694\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc815\uc0c1 \uc815\uc9c0\ub294 <strong>SIS \uace0\uc7a5<\/strong>\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c <strong>\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc911\ub2e8\uc2dc\uac04<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131, SIS \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960(PFD), \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc548\uc815\uc131\uc740 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ud3c9\uac00 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<nav class=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\ub0b4\uc6a9 \ubaa9\ucc28\">\n    <strong>\ubaa9\ucc28<\/strong><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s1\">1. Security\u00b7Dependability\u00b7Stability\u00b7Availability<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s2\">2. \ud655\ub960\ubc95\uce59\uacfc PSV<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s3\">3. \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\u00b7MTBF\u00b7\uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s4\">4. PFD\u00b7Proof Test\u00b7SIL<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s5\">5. \uace0\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc124\uacc4\uc640 \uc720\uc9c0\uad00\ub9ac<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s6\">6. \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s7\">7. SIF\u00b7SIS\u00b7Voting\u00b7Final Element<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s8\">8. \uc624\ub298\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc9c8\uc758\uc751\ub2f5<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s9\">9. \ud544\uae30\uc640 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uad6c\ubd84<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#s10\">10. \uc190\uae00\uc528 \uc2a4\uce94 8\ucabd<\/a><br \/>\n  <\/nav>\n<section id=\"s1\">\n<h2>1. 32.2 \ud655\ub960\uc758 \uae30\ucd08 \u2014 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4, \ub3d9\uc791 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131, \uc624\ub3d9\uc791 \ubc29\uc9c0\uc131<\/h2>\n<p class=\"section-lead\">\uac19\uc740 \ubcf4\ud638\uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774\ub77c\ub3c4 <strong>\uc815\uc0c1 \uc6b4\uc804<\/strong>\uacfc <strong>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/strong>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \ub3d9\uc791\uc740 \uc11c\ub85c \ubc18\ub300\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uc6a9\uc5b4<\/th>\n<th>\uad8c\uc7a5 \ud55c\uae00<\/th>\n<th>\ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/th>\n<th>\ub300\ud45c \uc124\uba85<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Security \/ Secure<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\uc624\ub3d9\uc791 \ubc29\uc9c0\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669<\/td>\n<td>\uc815\uc0c1 \uc2dc \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c Trip\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Dependability \/ Dependable<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\ub3d9\uc791 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\ud5d8\u00b7\uc694\uad6c\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669<\/td>\n<td>\ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc548\uc804\ub3d9\uc791\uc744 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ud589<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Stability<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\uc548\uc815\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\uc81c\uc5b4\uacc4\uc758 \ub3d9\uc801 \uc751\ub2f5<\/td>\n<td>\uc678\ub780 \ud6c4 \uc548\uc815 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc218\ub834<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Availability<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\uac00\uc6a9\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\ud2b9\uc815 \uc124\ube44\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5 \uc2dc\uac04<\/td>\n<td>\uc815\uc758\ub41c \uae30\uac04 \uc911 \uc124\ube44\uac00 \uc6b4\uc804 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ube44\uc728<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Reliability<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uae30\uac04\uc758 \uc694\uad6c\uae30\ub2a5 \uc218\ud589<\/td>\n<td>\uace0\uc7a5 \uc5c6\uc774 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \ud655\ub960<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-32ea8d8a6e31f6a3.png\" alt=\"Security\ub294 \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud2b8\ub9bd \ubc29\uc9c0, Dependability\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc2dc \ub3d9\uc791 \uc131\uacf5, Stability\ub294 \uc81c\uc5b4 \uc548\uc815\uc131, Availability\ub294 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uad00\uacc4 \ub3c4\uc2dd\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 1. \uc624\ub298 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucdb0 \uc0c8\ub85c \uc791\uc131\ud55c \ub124 \uac00\uc9c0 \uac1c\ub150\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84. <strong>Security + Dependability<\/strong>\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ud569\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud568\uaed8 \ub9cc\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ub450 \uc124\uacc4 \uc694\uad6c\uc0ac\ud56d\uc774\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>1.1 \ubcf4\ud638\uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc131\uacf5\uacfc \uc2e4\ud328<\/h3>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uacf5\uc815 \uc0c1\ud0dc<\/th>\n<th>\ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58\uc758 \ub3d9\uc791<\/th>\n<th>\ud310\uc815<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \uc5c6\uc74c<\/td>\n<td>\ud2b8\ub9bd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c<\/td>\n<td><strong>Secure<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \uc5c6\uc74c<\/td>\n<td>\ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/td>\n<td><strong>Unsecure<\/strong> \u00b7 \uc624\ub3d9\uc791<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/td>\n<td>\uc694\uad6c\ub41c \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 \uc131\uacf5<\/td>\n<td><strong>Dependable<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc1c\uc0dd<\/td>\n<td>\uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0 \uc2e4\ud328<\/td>\n<td><strong>Undependable<\/strong> \u00b7 \uc704\ud5d8\uce21 \uace0\uc7a5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uba74 <span class=\"term\">Security = P(\ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ub3d9\uc791 \uc5c6\uc74c | \uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\ud5d8 \uc5c6\uc74c)<\/span>, <span class=\"term\">Dependability = P(\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc131\uacf5 | \uc2e4\uc81c \uc694\uad6c \ubc1c\uc0dd)<\/span>\uc774\ub2e4. \uac01 \ud2b9\uc131\uc758 \ubcf4\uc218(Complement)\ub294 1\uc5d0\uc11c \ube80 \uac12\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, <strong>Security\uc640 Dependability\ub07c\ub9ac\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c\uc758 \ubcf4\uc218\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">P(Unsecure) = 1 \u2212 S &nbsp;&nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp;&nbsp; P(Undependable) = 1 \u2212 D<\/div>\n<h3>1.2 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44\uc758 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc5d0 SIS \uc815\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294\uac00?<\/h3>\n<p>\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44\uc758 <strong>\uc694\uad6c \uc6b4\uc804\uc2dc\uac04<\/strong>\uc744 \ubd84\ubaa8\ub85c \ud558\uace0 \uadf8 \uae30\uac04 \uc911 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc6b4\uc804 \uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub358 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ubd84\uc790\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud558\uba74, \uc77c\ubc18 \uace0\uc7a5\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c <strong>\uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 SIS \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/strong>\uc640 <strong>\ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc6b4\uc804\ubd88\uac00\ub2a5 \uc2dc\uac04\ub3c4 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc815\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \uc911\ubcf5\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">A<sub>production<\/sub> = T<sub>available<\/sub> \/ T<sub>required<\/sub> = 1 \u2212 T<sub>downtime<\/sub> \/ T<sub>required<\/sub><\/div>\n<div class=\"eq two\">T<sub>downtime<\/sub> = T<sub>\uc77c\ubc18\uace0\uc7a5<\/sub> + T<sub>\uc815\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0<\/sub> + T<sub>\ubd88\ud544\uc694 \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/sub> + T<sub>\uae30\ud0c0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub300\uc0c1 \uc815\uc9c0<\/sub><\/div>\n<div class=\"formula-caption\">\ud3c9\uac00\uae30\uac04\uacfc \uc815\uc9c0 \ubd84\ub958\ub97c \uba3c\uc800 \uace0\uc815\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uacc4\ud68d\uc815\ube44 \ubc0f \uc678\ubd80 \uc694\uc778\uc758 \ud3ec\ud568 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub294 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 \uc815\uc758\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978\ub2e4.<\/div>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-7e44684c04beeada.png\" alt=\"1000\uc2dc\uac04 \uc911 \uc77c\ubc18 \uace0\uc7a5 20\uc2dc\uac04, \uc815\uc0c1 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd 10\uc2dc\uac04, \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud2b8\ub9bd 5\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud574 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 96.5% \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uadf8\ub9bc\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 2. \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 \uc608\uc2dc: \uc694\uad6c \uc6b4\uc804\uc2dc\uac04 1,000 h, \uc804\uccb4 \uc6b4\uc804\ubd88\uac00\ub2a5 \uc2dc\uac04 35 h \u2192 96.5%.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uc815\uc9c0 \uc6d0\uc778<\/th>\n<th>\uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc758 \uc815\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04<\/th>\n<th>SIS \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5?<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\uae30\uacc4\u00b7\uc804\uae30\u00b7\uc81c\uc5b4\uc124\ube44\uc758 \uc77c\ubc18 \uace0\uc7a5<\/td>\n<td>\ud3ec\ud568<\/td>\n<td>\uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc544\ub2d8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\ud5d8 \ubc1c\uc0dd \u2192 SIS \uc815\uc0c1 \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/td>\n<td><strong>\ud3ec\ud568<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\uc544\ub2d8: \uc62c\ubc14\ub978 \ubcf4\ud638\ub3d9\uc791<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \uc5c6\uc74c \u2192 SIS \ubd88\ud544\uc694 \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/td>\n<td>\ud3ec\ud568<\/td>\n<td>\uc624\ub3d9\uc791\/\uc2a4\ud4e8\ub9ac\uc5b4\uc2a4 \ud2b8\ub9bd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubc1c\uc0dd \u2192 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd \uc2e4\ud328<\/td>\n<td>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc6b4\uc804\ubd88\uac00\ub2a5 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubc1c\uc0dd \uc5ec\ubd80\ub85c \ud310\ub2e8<\/td>\n<td><strong>\uc704\ud5d8\uce21 \uace0\uc7a5<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>1.3 MTBF\u00b7MTTR\uc640 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4<\/h3>\n<div class=\"eq\">A \u2248 MTBF \/ (MTBF + MTTR)<\/div>\n<p>\uc774 \uc2dd\uc740 \uc218\ub9ac \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 <strong>\uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \ubcf5\uad6c\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc815\uc758\ud588\ub294\uc9c0<\/strong>\uac00 \uba85\ud655\ud558\uace0, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uc801\uc808\ud560 \ub54c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\ub2e4. \uacc4\ud68d\uc815\ube44\u00b7\uc815\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0\u00b7\uc7ac\uac00\ub3d9 \ub300\uae30\uc2dc\uac04 \ub4f1\uc744 \ubb34\uc870\uac74 MTTR\uc5d0 \ub123\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ub418\ub294 \ubcf4\ud3b8 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout warn\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">\uc6a9\uc5b4 \uc8fc\uc758<\/div>\n<p>\uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc740 \uc124\ube44\ub97c \uba48\ucd94\uac8c \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc SIS\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc815\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc815\uc9c0 \uc0ac\uac74 \uac04\uaca9\uc744 \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\ub824\uba74 <strong>MTBS(Mean Time Between Stops)<\/strong> \ub610\ub294 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uc6b4\uc804\uc911\ub2e8 \uc9c0\ud45c\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud558\ub294 \ud3b8\uc774 \uba85\ud655\ud558\ub2e4. SIS \ubd80\ud488\uc758 <strong>MTBF<\/strong>\uc640 \ud63c\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s2\">\n<h2>2. 32.2.1~32.2.3 \ud655\ub960 \ubc95\uce59\uacfc \uc2e4\uc81c \ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58<\/h2>\n<h3>2.1 \ud655\ub960\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8\ubc95\uce59<\/h3>\n<p>\ud655\ub960\uc740 0\uacfc 1 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc218\uc774\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc758 \uc8fc\uc0ac\uc704 6\uac1c \uba74 \uc911 \uc9dd\uc218\uba74\uc740 3\uac1c\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c P(\uc9dd\uc218)=3\/6=0.5\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc7a5\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \uac19\uc740 \ud655\ub960\ub85c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">P(not A) = 1 \u2212 P(A)<\/div>\n<div class=\"eq two\">P(A and B) = P(A) \u00d7 P(B) &nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=\"small\">(A\u00b7B \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc2dc)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"eq two\">P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) \u2212 P(A and B)<\/div>\n<p>OR \uc2dd\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ud569\uc9d1\ud569 \ubc95\uce59\uc774\ub2e4. AND \uc2dd\uc758 \ub2e8\uc21c \uacf1\uc148\uc5d0\ub294 <strong>\uace0\uc7a5 \uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131<\/strong>\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 PSV\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c<\/h3>\n<p>\ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ub450 PSV\uac00 \uc124\uce58\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0, \uac01 \ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \uac1c\ubc29 \uc131\uacf5\ud655\ub960 D=0.9992, \ud3c9\uc0c1\uc2dc \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc5f4\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \ud655\ub960 S=0.995\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c <strong>\uac01 PSV \ud558\ub098\ub9cc \uc5f4\ub824\ub3c4 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \ubc29\ucd9c\uc6a9\ub7c9<\/strong>\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud588\uace0 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc0ac\uac74\uc740 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-956e861a365a43ac.png\" alt=\"PSV 2\uac1c\uc5d0\uc11c \uacfc\uc555 \uc2dc \ud558\ub098\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc5f4\ub9ac\uba74 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc131\uacf5 OR, \uc815\uc0c1 \uc2dc \ub458 \ub2e4 \ub2eb\ud600\uc57c \ud558\ub294 AND \ub17c\ub9ac\uc640 \ud655\ub960 \uacc4\uc0b0\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 3. \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc131\uacf5\uc870\uac74\uc740 OR, \uc815\uc0c1 \uc2dc \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ubc29\ucd9c \ubc29\uc9c0\uc870\uac74\uc740 AND.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"eq\">D<sub>system<\/sub> = 1 \u2212 (1 \u2212 0.9992)<sup>2<\/sup> = 0.99999936<\/div>\n<div class=\"eq\">S<sub>system<\/sub> = 0.995<sup>2<\/sup> = 0.990025<\/div>\n<p>\ub530\ub77c\uc11c <strong>\uc774\uc911\ud654\ub85c \uacfc\uc555\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c Dependability\ub294 \ud5a5\uc0c1<\/strong>\ub418\uc9c0\ub9cc, <strong>\uc815\uc0c1 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc911 \uc5b4\ub290 \ud558\ub098\uc758 PSV\uac00 \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc5f4\ub9b4 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc740 \uc99d\uac00<\/strong>\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \ub450 PSV\uac00 <strong>\ubaa8\ub450 \uc5f4\ub824\uc57c\ub9cc<\/strong> \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \ubc29\ucd9c\uc6a9\ub7c9\uc774 \ud655\ubcf4\ub41c\ub2e4\uba74 Dependability\ub294 D<sub>system<\/sub> = 0.9992\u00b2 = 0.99840064\ub85c \ubcc0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout note\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">\uc2e4\ubb34 \uc801\uc6a9 \uc81c\ud55c<\/div>\n<p>\ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uacf5\uc815 \uc870\uac74, \uacf5\ud1b5 \ubc30\ucd9c\uacc4\ud1b5, \ub9c9\ud798 \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \ub450 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uace0\uc7a5 \ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uace0\uc7a5\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uae68\uc9c0\ubbc0\ub85c \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5(CCF)\uc744 \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s3\">\n<h2>3. 32.3.1~32.3.3 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\u00b7MTBF\u00b7\uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120\u00b7\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \u03bb\uc640 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc758 \ucc28\uc774<\/h3>\n<p>\uace0\uc7a5\ub960(Failure Rate) \u03bb\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815 \uc2dc\uc810\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc815\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc740 \ubd80\ud488\uc744 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 <strong>\ub2e8\uc704\uc2dc\uac04\ub2f9 \uc21c\uac04 \uace0\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ub960<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \u03bb\uc758 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc740 h<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc5ed\uc2dc\uac04\uc774\uba70, \ud655\ub960 P \uc790\uccb4\uc640 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">\u03bb(t) = (1 \/ N<sub>s<\/sub>) \u00d7 dN<sub>f<\/sub>\/dt<\/div>\n<div class=\"formula-caption\">N<sub>s<\/sub> = \uc815\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc740 \ubd80\ud488 \uc218 \u00b7 N<sub>f<\/sub> = \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5 \ubd80\ud488 \uc218<\/div>\n<p>\ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc791\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ud45c\uc2dc\ud560 \ub54c\ub294 FIT(Failures In Time)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">1 FIT = 10<sup>\u22129<\/sup> h<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/div>\n<h3>3.2 \uc77c\uc815 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uac00\uc815\uacfc MTBF<\/h3>\n<div class=\"eq\">MTBF \u2248 1 \/ \u03bb &nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=\"small\">(\uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\u00b7\uc77c\uc815 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ub2e8\uc21c \ubaa8\ub378)<\/span><\/div>\n<p>\uc704 \uc2dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0 \uace0\uc7a5 \uac04\uaca9\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c <strong>\ube44\uc218\ub9ac \uc7a5\uce58\uc758 \ucd5c\ucd08 \uace0\uc7a5\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\uc740 MTTF<\/strong>, <strong>\uc218\ub9ac \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \ubc18\ubcf5 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc0ac\uc774 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\uc740 MTBF<\/strong>\ub85c \uad6c\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uc218\ub9ac\uc815\ucc45\uacfc \uc2dc\uac04 \uc9d1\uacc4 \uae30\uc900\uc774 \ubc14\ub00c\uba74 \uac12\uc758 \ud574\uc11d\ub3c4 \ub2ec\ub77c\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 200\ub300\uc758 \uc81c\uc5b4\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c 5\ub144\uac04 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uc5ec \uace0\uc7a5 15\uac74\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud588\ub2e4\uba74, \uc804\uccb4 \uc6b4\uc804\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 1,000 \ubc38\ube0c\u00b7\ub144\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c \ucd94\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \u03bb \u2248 15\/(200\u00d75)=0.015 year<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, 1\/\u03bb\u224866.7\ub144\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 <strong>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc218\uba85 66.7\ub144<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>3.3 \uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120(Bathtub Curve)<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-96d77ff87760d313.png\" alt=\"\uc2dc\uac04 \ud750\ub984\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ucd08\uae30 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uac10\uc18c, \uc720\ud6a8\uc218\uba85 \uc77c\uc815, \ub9c8\ubaa8 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\ub294 \uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 4. \ucd08\uae30 \uace0\uc7a5 \u2192 \uc720\ud6a8\uc218\uba85 \u2192 \ub9c8\ubaa8 \uace0\uc7a5. \u03bb \uc77c\uc815 \uac00\uc815\uc740 \uc804\uccb4 \uc218\uba85\uc5d0 \ubb34\uc870\uac74 \uc801\uc6a9\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uad6c\uac04<\/th>\n<th>\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\uc758 \ucd94\uc138<\/th>\n<th>\uc8fc\uc694 \uc758\ubbf8<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\ucd08\uae30 \uace0\uc7a5\uae30\uac04(Burn-in)<\/td>\n<td>\uac10\uc18c<\/td>\n<td>\uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801\uc778 \uc81c\uc870 \uacb0\ud568\uc774 \uc870\uae30\uc5d0 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0a8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc720\ud6a8\uc218\uba85(Useful Life)<\/td>\n<td>\ub0ae\uace0 \uac70\uc758 \uc77c\uc815<\/td>\n<td>\uc6b0\ubc1c\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5; \uc9c0\uc218 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub378 \uc801\uc6a9\uc774 \uc6a9\uc774<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\ub9c8\ubaa8 \uace0\uc7a5(Wear-out)<\/td>\n<td>\uc99d\uac00<\/td>\n<td>\ub178\ud654\u00b7\ub9c8\ubaa8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uad50\uccb4 \uac80\ud1a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>3.4 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \ub204\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960<\/h3>\n<div class=\"eq\">R(t) = e<sup>\u2212\u03bbt<\/sup> = e<sup>\u2212t\/MTBF<\/sup> &nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=\"small\">(\uc77c\uc815 \u03bb \uac00\uc815)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"eq\">F(t) = 1 \u2212 R(t)<\/div>\n<p>R(t)\ub294 \ud3c9\uac00\uae30\uac04 <strong>\ucc98\uc74c\ubd80\ud130 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc5c6\uc774 \uae30\ub2a5\ud560 \ud655\ub960<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 MTBF\ub97c 226\ub144\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc815\ud55c \uc7a5\uce58\ub97c 5\ub144\uac04 \uace0\uc7a5 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\ub294 R(5)=e<sup>\u22125\/226<\/sup>\u22480.9781(\uc57d 97.81%)\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\ub294 \uace0\uc7a5 \ud6c4 \ubcf5\uad6c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 A\uc640 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. R(t)\ub294 <strong>\uae30\uac04 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \ubb34\uace0\uc7a5 \uc0dd\uc874<\/strong>, A\ub294 <strong>\uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2dc\uc810 \ub610\ub294 \uae30\uac04\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5 \uc0c1\ud0dc<\/strong>\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ucc99\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s4\">\n<h2>4. 32.3.4\u00b732.4.5\u00b732.6.4 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960(PFD), Proof Test, SIL<\/h2>\n<h3>4.1 Dependability\uc640 PFD\uc758 \ubcf4\uc218 \uad00\uacc4<\/h3>\n<p>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc694\uad6c(Demand)\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \uc870\uac74\ubd80 \ud655\ub960\uc744 Dependability\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0, \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud560 \ud655\ub960\uc744 PFD(Probability of Failure on Demand)\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">PFD = 1 \u2212 Dependability<\/div>\n<p><strong>PFD<\/strong>\ub294 \uc694\uad6c \uc21c\uac04\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960\uc774\uba70, \uc800\ube48\ub3c4 \uc694\uad6c \ubaa8\ub4dc\uc758 <strong>PFD<sub>avg<\/sub><\/strong>\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7\ubcf5\uad6c \uc870\uac74\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ud3c9\uac00\uae30\uac04 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 <strong>\ud3c9\uade0 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc2dc\uac04 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc2dd 1\u2212R(t)\ub97c \ubaa8\ub4e0 SIS\uc758 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\uc2dc\ud558\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 Proof Test\uc640 \uc790\uae30\uc9c4\ub2e8<\/h3>\n<p>Proof Test\ub294 \uc815\uc0c1 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc911 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 <strong>\uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5<\/strong>\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\ud5d8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc790\uae30\uc9c4\ub2e8(Self-diagnostics)\uc740 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc911 \ud0d0\uc9c0 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc774\uc0c1\uc744 \uac10\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub450 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uc11c\ub85c\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\ubc29\ubc95<\/th>\n<th>\uac80\ucd9c \ub300\uc0c1\u00b7\ud2b9\uc9d5<\/th>\n<th>\ud55c\uacc4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Proof Test<\/td>\n<td>\uc8fc\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc2dc\ud5d8<\/td>\n<td>\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubc94\uc704\u00b7\uc644\uc804\uc131\uc5d0 \uc81c\ud55c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Self-diagnostics<\/td>\n<td>\uc6b4\uc804 \uc911 \uc9c4\ub2e8 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uace0\uc7a5 \uac80\ucd9c<\/td>\n<td>\ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ub0a8\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc74c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Partial Stroke Test(PST)<\/td>\n<td>\ubc38\ube0c \uc77c\ubd80 \ud589\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\ucc29 \ub4f1 \uac80\ucd9c<\/td>\n<td>\uc644\uc804 \uac1c\ud3d0\u00b7\ub204\uc124 \uac80\uc99d \ub300\uccb4 \ubd88\uac00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Test-to-shutdown<\/td>\n<td>\uacc4\ud68d\uc815\uc9c0 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uae30\ub2a5\uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc218\ud589<\/td>\n<td>\ud56d\uc0c1 \uc6b4\uc804 \uc870\uac74 \uc804\uccb4\ub97c \uc7ac\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc74c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Watchdog Timer<\/td>\n<td>\ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc11c \ud384\uc2a4 \uc815\uc9c0\u00b7\uace0\ucc29 \uac10\uc2dc<\/td>\n<td>\ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4 \uc624\ub958\ub97c \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c4 \ubabb\ud568<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>4.3 Proof Test \uc8fc\uae30\uc640 PFDavg<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-e6b08075ac5857a4.png\" alt=\"\uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc774\ud6c4 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \ub204\uc801\ub418\uba70 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uace0 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uacfc \ubcf5\uad6c\ub85c \ub0ae\uc544\uc9c0\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 5. \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uc8fc\uae30\uc2dc\ud5d8\uc73c\ub85c \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\u00b7\ubcf5\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc774\uc0c1\uc801 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"eq\">PFD<sub>avg<\/sub> \u2248 \u03bb<sub>DU<\/sub> \u00d7 T \/ 2<\/div>\n<div class=\"formula-caption\">1oo1, \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \uc704\ud5d8 \ubbf8\uac80\ucd9c \uace0\uc7a5\ub960(\u03bb<sub>DU<\/sub>), \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uac04\uaca9 T, \uc644\uc804 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uacfc \ube60\ub978 \ubcf5\uad6c \ub4f1 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud654\ub41c \uac00\uc815.<\/div>\n<p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \u03bb<sub>DU<\/sub>=2\u00d710<sup>\u22126<\/sup> h<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, T=8,760 h\uc774\uba74 \uc774 \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>\u22480.00876\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e8, \uc774 \uac12\uc740 <strong>\uac1c\ubcc4 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c \uc608\uc2dc<\/strong>\uc774\uba70, \uc774 \uacc4\uc0b0 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c SIF \uc804\uccb4\uc758 SIL\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc2dc\ud5d8\uc8fc\uae30\uac00 \uc9e7\uc544\uc9c0\uba74 \uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud3c9\uade0\uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>\ub97c \ub0ae\ucd9c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 Proof Test\uac00 \ubd80\ud488 \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \u03bb\ub97c \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uac10\uc18c\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>4.4 SIL(Safety Integrity Level)\uc758 \ud310\uc815<\/h3>\n<p>\uc548\uc804\ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc218\uc900 SIL\uc740 <strong>\ud2b9\uc815 SIF \uc804\uccb4<\/strong>\uac00 \uc694\uad6c\ub418\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc815\ub3c4\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b8\ub2e4. \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc81c\ud488 \uc778\uc99d\ud45c\uc2dc\uac00 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c SIL\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 SIF \ub2ec\uc131\uc744 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>SIL<\/th>\n<th>\uc800\ube48\ub3c4 \uc694\uad6c \ubaa8\ub4dc: PFD<sub>avg<\/sub><\/th>\n<th>\uace0\ube48\ub3c4\/\uc5f0\uc18d \ubaa8\ub4dc: PFH (h<sup>\u22121<\/sup>)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SIL 1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> \u2264 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub> &lt; 10<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22126<\/sup> \u2264 PFH &lt; 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SIL 2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> \u2264 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub> &lt; 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22127<\/sup> \u2264 PFH &lt; 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SIL 3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> \u2264 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub> &lt; 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> \u2264 PFH &lt; 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SIL 4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22125<\/sup> \u2264 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub> &lt; 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22129<\/sup> \u2264 PFH &lt; 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\uc6d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0 \uc608\uc2dc\uc778 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>=0.00073\uc740 <strong>SIL 3 \ud655\ub960 \uad6c\uac04<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub9cc SIF\uc758 \ucd5c\uc885 SIL \uc801\ud569\uc131\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\ub824\uba74 \ud655\ub960 \uc9c0\ud45c \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc124\uacc4 \uad6c\uc870, \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc801 \uc548\uc804\uc131, \uc9c4\ub2e8 \ubc0f \uac80\uc99d \uc870\uac74\uc744 \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ucda9\uc871\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eq\">RSA = 1 \u2212 PFD &nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=\"small\">(\uc6d0\uc11c\uac00 \uc815\uc758\ud55c \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uc131\uacf5\ud655\ub960)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"callout warn\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">\uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uacfc \ud63c\ub3d9 \uae08\uc9c0<\/div>\n<p>\uc6d0\uc11c\uc758 RSA(Required Safety Availability)\ub294 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc131\uacf5\ud655\ub960\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc124\uba85\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4. <strong>RSA\uc640 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44\uc758 \uc6b4\uc804 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 A<sub>production<\/sub>\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ucc99\ub3c4<\/strong>\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s5\">\n<h2>5. 32.4 \uace0\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \uc124\uacc4\u00b7\uc120\uc815\u00b7\uc815\ube44<\/h2>\n<h3>5.1 \uc124\uacc4\uc640 \ubd80\ud488\uc120\uc815, \uc608\ubc29\uc815\ube44, De-rating<\/h3>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\ubc29\ubc95<\/th>\n<th>\uae30\ubcf8 \uc6d0\ub9ac<\/th>\n<th>\ub300\ud45c \uc0ac\ub840<\/th>\n<th>\uac80\ud1a0\uc0ac\ud56d<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc124\uacc4\u00b7\uc120\uc815<\/td>\n<td>\ucc98\uc74c\ubd80\ud130 \uace0\uc7a5 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131 \uac10\uc18c<\/td>\n<td>\uc9c4\ub3d9 \uc5b5\uc81c, \ub0b4\ud658\uacbd\uc131 \ubd80\ud488, \ucd08\uae30 Burn-in<\/td>\n<td>\ubd80\ud488\ubcc4 \uace0\uc7a5 \uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc608\ubc29\uc815\ube44(PM)<\/td>\n<td>\uace0\uc7a5 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc815\ube44\u00b7\uad50\uccb4<\/td>\n<td>\uc624\uc77c\u00b7\ud544\ud130, \uc2e0\ud638\ub4f1 \ub7a8\ud504, \uacc4\uc7a5\uacf5\uae30 \uac74\uc870\uc81c<\/td>\n<td>\ub9c8\ubaa8 \uc2dc\uc791\uc2dc\uc810, \ube44\uc6a9\u00b7\uc815\uc9c0 \uc601\ud5a5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc815\uaca9 \uc800\uac10 \uc0ac\uc6a9(De-rating)<\/td>\n<td>\uc815\uaca9\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub0ae\uc740 \ubd80\ud558\ub85c \uc6b4\uc804<\/td>\n<td>2 HP \ubd80\ud558\uc5d0 \uc5ec\uc720 \uc6a9\ub7c9 VFD \uc120\uc815<\/td>\n<td>\ube44\uc6a9, \ud6a8\uc728, \uce21\uc815\ubc94\uc704\uc640 \ubcf4\ud638\uc815\uaca9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc774\uc911\ud654(Redundancy)<\/td>\n<td>\ud55c \ubd80\ud488 \uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uae30\ub2a5 \uc720\uc9c0<\/td>\n<td>\uc804\uc6d0 \uc774\uc911\ud654, \uc13c\uc11c 2oo3, TMR<\/td>\n<td>\uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\u00b7\ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc2dc\ud5d8\u00b7\uc790\uae30\uc9c4\ub2e8<\/td>\n<td>\uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud558\uace0 \ubcf5\uad6c<\/td>\n<td>Proof Test, PST, \uc9c4\ub2e8 \uacbd\ubcf4<\/td>\n<td>\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubc94\uc704\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc2dc\uac04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>De-rating\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc81c\ud488\uc744 \ud06c\uac8c \uc120\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c <strong>\uc815\uaca9 \ub300\ube44 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub808\uc2a4\ub97c \ub0ae\ucd94\ub294 \uc124\uacc4<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4. \uc555\ub825\uc804\uc1a1\uae30\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 <strong>\uce21\uc815\ubc94\uc704(Span)\uc640 \ud5c8\uc6a9 \uacfc\uc555(Overpressure Limit)\uc740 \ubcc4\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc591<\/strong>\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \ud070 \uce21\uc815\ubc94\uc704\ub97c \uace0\ub974\ub294 \uac83\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc555\ub825\uc11c\uc9c0 \ub0b4\uad6c\uc131\uc774 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uc99d\uac00\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uacb0\ub860 \ub0b4\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>5.2 \uc774\uc911\ud654\uc758 \uc131\uacf5 \uc870\uac74 \u2014 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5(CCF) \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654<\/h3>\n<p>\ub450 \uc804\uc6d0\uacf5\uae09\uc7a5\uce58\ub97c OR-ing \ub2e4\uc774\uc624\ub4dc\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uba74 \ud558\ub098\uac00 \uace0\uc7a5 \ub098\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uacf5\uae09\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub450 \uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uac19\uc740 AC \uc785\ub825, \ub0c9\uac01, \uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4 \ub610\ub294 \uc124\uce58\ud658\uacbd\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \ub0a8\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"keyline\"><strong>\uc774\uc911\ud654\uc758 \uc720\ud6a8\uc870\uac74:<\/strong> \ub3d9\uc77c \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ub300\uc2e0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\uace0, \ub2e8\uc77c \uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uacbd\ub85c\uac00 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uacfc \uace0\uc7a5\uaca9\ub9ac\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/div>\n<h3>5.3 \uc13c\uc11c \ub2e4\uc911\ud654\uc640 Voting<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-698058cca5751f17.png\" alt=\"3\uac1c \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 OR 1oo3 Trip \ud22c\ud45c\uc640 2oo3 \ub2e4\uc218\uacb0 \ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \ube44\uad50\ud55c \uc124\uba85 \uadf8\ub9bc\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 6. \ub192\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\uac12\uc5d0\uc11c Trip\uc744 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c \ud22c\ud45c\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc801 \ube44\uad50. 1oo3\ub294 \ud55c \uac1c\ub9cc Trip\uc744 \uc694\uad6c\ud574\ub3c4 \uc815\uc9c0\ud558\uace0, 2oo3\ub294 \ub450 \uac1c\uac00 \uc694\uad6c\ud574\uc57c \uc815\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>1oo3<\/strong>\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8 \uac80\ucd9c\uc5d0 \uc801\uadf9\uc801\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud55c \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc624\uac80\ucd9c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc774 \ub298 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <strong>2oo3<\/strong>\ub294 \ub2e8\uc77c \uc13c\uc11c\uc758 \uc798\ubabb\ub41c \ud2b8\ub9bd \uc694\uad6c\ub97c \uc5b5\uc81c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \ub193\uce58\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub97c \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \uce21\uc815\uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc44\ud0dd\ud574\ub3c4 \uce21\uc815\uc704\uce58\ub098 \uacf5\ud1b5 \ub3c4\uc555\uad00\uc758 \ub9c9\ud798\uc774 \uc138 \uc804\uc1a1\uae30\uc5d0 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc904 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uace0\uc7a5 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uce21\uc815 \uc704\uce58\uc758 \ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s6\">\n<h2>6. 32.5 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58 \u2014 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud310\u00b7PRV\u00b7PSV\u00b7\ud30c\uc77c\ub7ff\uc2dd<\/h2>\n<div class=\"eq\">F = P \u00d7 A<\/div>\n<p>\uc555\ub825\uc740 \ub2e8\uc704\uba74\uc801\ub2f9 \ud798\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uc791\uc740 \uc555\ub825\uc774\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc6a9\uae30 \ud45c\uba74\uc801\uc774 \ud06c\uba74 \ud070 \ud798\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \ubc30\uad00 \ub9c9\ud798\uc774\ub098 \ud654\uc7ac\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc720\uccb4 \uac00\uc5f4 \ub4f1\uc740 \uacfc\uc555 \uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-70c243dd44fad683.png\" alt=\"\uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc5d0\uc11c PSV\uc640 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud310\uc740 \uc555\ub825\ubc29\ucd9c, SIS\ub294 \uc13c\uc11c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5f0\uc0b0\uae30 \ucc28\ub2e8\ubc38\ube0c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc \uc804\ud658\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 7. \uae30\uacc4\uc2dd \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58\uc640 \uacc4\uc7a5\ud615 SIF\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84. \uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\ud5d8\uc131 \ud3c9\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01 \ubcf4\ud638\uacc4\uce35\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uacfc \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc815\uc758\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>6.1 Rupture Disk \u2014 \ud30c\uc5f4\ud310<\/h3>\n<p>\ud30c\uc5f4\ud310\uc740 \uc124\uc815\ub41c \ud30c\uc5f4\uc555\ub825\uc5d0\uc11c \uac1c\ubc29\ub418\ub294 <strong>\uc77c\ud68c\uc131 \uc555\ub825 \ubc29\ucd9c\uc7a5\uce58<\/strong>\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc791 \ud6c4 \uad50\uccb4\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba70, \uae08\uc18d\ud615\uacfc \ud751\uc5f0\ud615 \ub4f1\uc740 \ub0b4\uc2dd\uc131\u00b7\ud53c\ub85c\u00b7\ud30c\ud3b8 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \ud30c\uc5f4\uc555\ub825\uc740 \uc628\ub3c4 \uc870\uac74\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc815\uc758\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>6.2 PRV\uc640 PSV\uc758 \uc804\ud615\uc801\uc778 \ucc28\uc774<\/h3>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uad6c\ubd84<\/th>\n<th>Relief Valve (PRV)<\/th>\n<th>Safety Valve (PSV)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc804\ud615\uc801 \uac1c\ubc29\ud2b9\uc131<\/td>\n<td>\uc555\ub825 \uc99d\uac00\uc5d0 \ube44\ub840\ud558\uc5ec \uc810\uc9c4 \uac1c\ubc29<\/td>\n<td>\uc124\uc815\uc555\ub825 \ubd80\uadfc\uc5d0\uc11c \uae09\uc18d \uac1c\ubc29(Snap Action)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc801\uc6a9 \uc720\uccb4<\/td>\n<td>\uc561\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud754\ud568<\/td>\n<td>\uc99d\uae30\u00b7\uac00\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud754\ud568<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc7ac\ud3d0\uc1c4<\/td>\n<td>\uc555\ub825 \uac10\uc18c\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ud3d0\uc1c4<\/td>\n<td>\uac1c\ubc29\uc555\ub825\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc7ac\ud3d0\uc1c4\uc555\ub825\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2eb\ud788\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc8fc\uc758<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\ud604\uc7a5 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub294 \uaddc\uaca9\u00b7\uc81c\ud488 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub2ec\ub77c\uc9c4\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uc885\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc870\uc0ac\u00b7\uc801\uc6a9\uaddc\uaca9\uc758 \uc815\uc758\ub97c \ub530\ub978\ub2e4.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"eq\">Blowdown Pressure = Lift Pressure \u2212 Reseat Pressure<\/div>\n<p>\uc9c1\uc811\uc791\ub3d9\uc2dd \uc548\uc804\ubc38\ube0c\ub294 \ucc98\uc74c \uac1c\ubc29\ud560 \ub54c\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc774\ubbf8 \uac1c\ubc29\ub41c \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc555\ub825\uc774 \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 <strong>\uc720\ud6a8\uba74\uc801\uc744 \ub354 \ud06c\uac8c<\/strong> \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uae09\uc18d \uac1c\ubc29\uacfc \ud788\uc2a4\ud14c\ub9ac\uc2dc\uc2a4\ub97c \uad6c\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. Huddling Chamber\uc640 Blowdown Ring\uc740 \uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uad00\uacc4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>6.3 \uc555\ub825\u00b7\uc9c4\uacf5 \uacb8\uc6a9 \ubc38\ube0c\uc640 Pilot-operated Relief Valve<\/h3>\n<p>\uc555\ub825\u00b7\uc9c4\uacf5 \uacb8\uc6a9 \ubc38\ube0c\ub294 \uc800\uc7a5\ud0f1\ud06c\uac00 \uacfc\uc555\uc73c\ub85c \ud30c\uc5f4\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc9c4\uacf5\uc73c\ub85c \ub0b4\ud30c\ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc800\uc555\uc6a9 \uc81c\ud488\uc740 \uc2a4\ud504\ub9c1 \ub300\uc2e0 \ub514\uc2a4\ud06c \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \ubb34\uac8c\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\ud30c\uc77c\ub7ff \uc791\ub3d9\uc2dd\uc740 \ubcc4\ub3c4 <strong>Pilot<\/strong>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc124\uc815\uc555\ub825\uc744 \uac10\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc8fc\ubc38\ube0c \uad6c\ub3d9\uc555\ub825\uc744 \uc804\ud658\ud558\uc5ec \ubc29\ucd9c\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud30c\uc77c\ub7ff\uc758 \uc624\uc124\uc815\u00b7\ub9c9\ud798\u00b7\ub204\uc124\uc740 \uc8fc\ubc38\ube0c\uc758 \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc131\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\ud30c\uc5f4\ud310\uc744 PSV \uc0c1\ub958\uc5d0 \uc9c1\ub82c\ub85c \uc124\uce58\ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0 \ub204\uc124\u00b7\ubd80\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc720\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud30c\uc5f4\ud310\uacfc \ubc38\ube0c \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc555\ub825 \ucd95\uc801 \ubc0f \ud30c\ud3b8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ubc30\ucd9c\uc720\ub85c \ubc29\ud574\ub97c \uac80\ud1a0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s7\">\n<h2>7. 32.6 SIF\u00b7SIS \u2014 \uc13c\uc11c, \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5f0\uc0b0\uae30, \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c<\/h2>\n<h3>7.1 SIF\uc640 SIS\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4<\/h3>\n<p><strong>SIF(Safety Instrumented Function)<\/strong>\ub294 \uc9c0\uc815\ud55c \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uc815\uc744 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc774\ub2e4. <strong>SIS(Safety Instrumented System)<\/strong>\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uad6c\ud604\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc13c\uc11c\u00b7\ub17c\ub9ac\uc5f0\uc0b0\uae30\u00b7\ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c \ubc0f \uad00\ub828 \uc124\ube44\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uacc4\uc7a5\uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-ea1834862c21cc27.png\" alt=\"\uae30\ubcf8\uacf5\uc815\uc81c\uc5b4 BPCS\uc758 \uc815\uc0c1\uc81c\uc5b4 \ub8e8\ud504\uc640 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ub41c SIS \uc548\uc804\uc13c\uc11c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5f0\uc0b0\uae30 \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c\uc758 \uacc4\uce35\ub3c4\"\/><figcaption>\uadf8\ub9bc 8. BPCS\uc640 SIS\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560 \ubd84\ub9ac. \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a4\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774 BPCS\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\uc778 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub3c4 SIS\ub294 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\uc2e4\uc81c \uc124\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub2e8, \uc804\uc1a1\uae30\u00b7\ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc644\uc804 \ubd84\ub9ac\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud654\ub294 \ud53c\ud558\uace0, \uc704\ud5d8\ubd84\uc11d\u00b7\ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131 \ubc0f \uc801\uc6a9 \uaddc\uaca9\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uacf5\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5 \ubc94\uc704\ub97c \ud310\ub2e8\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>7.2 SIS \uc13c\uc11c\uc640 Logic Solver<\/h3>\n<p>\uc13c\uc11c\ub294 \uc555\ub825\u00b7\uc628\ub3c4\u00b7\uc561\uc704\u00b7\uc720\ub7c9 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uc870\uac74\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub85c\uc9c1\uc740 \ub2e8\uc77c \ud2b8\ub9bd \uc124\uc815\uac12, \ub2e4\uc218\uacb0 Voting, \ucc44\ub110 \ubd88\uc77c\uce58 \uc9c4\ub2e8 \ub4f1\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4. GuardLogix\uc640 \uac19\uc740 Safety PLC\uc758 \uc774\uc911 \ucc44\ub110 \uac80\uc0ac\ub294 \uc0c1\ubcf4 \uc785\ub825\uc758 \ubd88\uc77c\uce58\ub97c \uc2dc\uac04 \uc870\uac74\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ud310\ub2e8\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>TMR(Triple Modular Redundancy)\uc740 \uc138 \ucc98\ub9ac \uacbd\ub85c\uc640 2oo3 \ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc77c\ubd80 \ub2e8\uc77c \uace0\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc804\uc6d0\u00b7\ub3d9\uc77c \uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4 \uc624\ub958 \ub4f1 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \ub530\ub85c \uac80\ud1a0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>7.3 Final Control Element \u2014 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc2e4\ud589<\/h3>\n<p>\ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c\ub294 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5f0\uc0b0\uae30\uc758 \uc815\uc9c0\uba85\ub839\uc744 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacf5\uc815 \ub3d9\uc791\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658\ud55c\ub2e4. EIV(Emergency Isolation Valve)\ub294 \uc720\uccb4\ub97c \ucc28\ub2e8\ud558\uace0, \ud2b8\ub9bd \uc194\ub808\ub178\uc774\ub4dc(Trip\/Dump Solenoid)\ub294 \uacf5\uc555 \uad6c\ub3d9\uae30\uc758 \uacf5\uae30 \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \uc804\ud658\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubc30\ucd9c\ud558\uc5ec \ubc38\ube0c\ub97c \uc548\uc804\uc704\uce58\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\ub3d9\uc791 \ud615\uc2dd<\/th>\n<th>\ud2b8\ub9bd \uc2dc \uacb0\uacfc<\/th>\n<th>\uc124\uacc4\uc0c1 \uc8fc\uc758<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Fail-closed<\/td>\n<td>\uacf5\uae30\uc555 \uc18c\uc2e4 \uc2dc \uc2a4\ud504\ub9c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub2eb\ud798<\/td>\n<td>\uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\uac00 \uc720\ub85c \ucc28\ub2e8\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fail-open<\/td>\n<td>\uacf5\uae30\uc555 \uc18c\uc2e4 \uc2dc \uc2a4\ud504\ub9c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f4\ub9bc<\/td>\n<td>\ub0c9\uac01\uc218 \uacf5\uae09\u00b7\ubc30\ucd9c \ub4f1 \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\uac00 \uac1c\ubc29\uc778\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lock-in-last<\/td>\n<td>\uad6c\ub3d9\uae30 \uacf5\uae30\ub97c \uac00\ub450\uc5b4 \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \uc704\uce58 \uc720\uc9c0<\/td>\n<td>\ub204\uc124\u00b7\uc7a5\uc2dc\uac04 \uc720\uc9c0 \uc131\ub2a5\uacfc \uc548\uc804\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc758 \uc801\ud569\uc131 \uac80\uc99d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\uae30\uacc4\uc801 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc218\ubc18\ub418\ub294 \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c\ub294 \uace0\ucc29\u00b7\uc2dc\ud2b8 \ub204\uc124\u00b7\uad6c\ub3d9\uae30\u00b7\uc194\ub808\ub178\uc774\ub4dc \uace0\uc7a5\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc8fc\uae30, PST, Full Stroke\uc640 \uc218\ub9ac\u00b7\ubcf5\uad6c \uacc4\ud68d\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3>7.4 SIF\uc758 PFD\/SIL\uc740 \uc804\uccb4 \uacbd\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uac00<\/h3>\n<p>\uc555\ub825\uc804\uc1a1\uae30\uac00 \ud2b9\uc815 SIL \uc6a9\ub3c4\ub85c \uc801\ud569\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud45c\uae30\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ucd5c\uc885 SIF\uac00 \uac19\uc740 SIL\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. <strong>\uc13c\uc11c, Logic Solver, \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c, \uac01 \uad6c\uc131\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960, \uc774\uc911\ud654, CCF, \uc9c4\ub2e8 \ubc0f \uc2dc\ud5d8<\/strong>\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ud3c9\uac00\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"keyline\"><strong>\uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\uc640 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uc911\ub2e8\uc740 \ubcc4\uac1c:<\/strong> SIF\uc758 \uc815\uc0c1 \uc548\uc804\uc815\uc9c0\ub294 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc <strong>\uc131\uacf5<\/strong>\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\uac74\uc740 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c <strong>\ub2e4\uc6b4\ud0c0\uc784<\/strong>\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s8\">\n<h2>8. \uc624\ub298\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc9c8\uc758\uc751\ub2f5<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q1. Security\uc640 Dependability\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Security\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \ub3d9\uc791\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774\uace0, Dependability\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc788\uc744 \ub54c \uc694\uad6c\ub41c \uc548\uc804\ub3d9\uc791\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774\ub2e4. \uc11c\ub85c \ubc18\ub300 \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c <strong>\ud3c9\uac00 \uc870\uac74\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub450 \ud2b9\uc131<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q2. \u201cSIS \uc124\uacc4 = Security + Dependability\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\ub3c4 \ub418\ub294\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>\uac1c\ub150\uc801 \uad00\uacc4\ub85c\ub294 \uac00\ub2a5<\/strong>\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud655\ub960\uc744 \ub2e8\uc21c \ub367\uc148\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc4f0\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud45c\ud604\uc740 \u201cSIS\ub294 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \ub3d9\uc791 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\uacfc \uc815\uc0c1 \uc2dc \uc624\ub3d9\uc791 \ubc29\uc9c0\uc131\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uace0\ub824\ud558\uc5ec \uc124\uacc4\ud55c\ub2e4\u201d\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q3. \uc815\uc0c1 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc73c\ub85c \uba48\ucd98 \uc2dc\uac04\ub3c4 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc5d0 \ub123\ub294\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4.<\/strong> \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc124\ube44\uac00 \uc694\uad6c \uc6b4\uc804\uc2dc\uac04 \uc911 \uc0ac\uc6a9 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub2e4\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uae30\uac04\uc758 \ub2e4\uc6b4\ud0c0\uc784\uc73c\ub85c \uc9d1\uacc4\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uac83\uc740 <strong>SIS\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc9d1\uacc4\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q4. \uc77c\ubc18 \uace0\uc7a5\uacfc \uc815\uc0c1 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 MTBF\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\uace0\uc7a5\u201d\uc744 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub2ec\ub77c\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc815\uc0c1 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc740 SIS \uace0\uc7a5\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ubbc0\ub85c <strong>SIS MTBF\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5 \uac74\uc218\uc5d0 \ub123\uc73c\uba74 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/strong> \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc815\uc9c0 \uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \uac04\uaca9\uc744 \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\ub294 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 MTBS\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q5. MTBF\u00b7MTTR\ub294 SIS\uc5d0\uc11c \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc SIS \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \uadf8\uac83\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \ud310\uc815\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. SIS\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc704\ud5d8\uce21 \uc131\ub2a5\uc740 \uace0\uc7a5\ubaa8\ub4dc\ubcc4 \u03bb, PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>\/PFH, \uc2dc\ud5d8\u00b7\uc9c4\ub2e8\u00b7\ubcf5\uad6c \uc870\uac74 \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ud55c\ub2e4. MTTR\uc740 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c \uace0\uc7a5 \ud6c4 \uae30\ub2a5 \ubcf5\uad6c\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc2dc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubd88\ub2a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc904 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q6. SIS\uc5d0 \uc815\uc0c1\uc815\uc9c0\ub97c \ub9ce\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc124\uacc4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub354 \uc548\uc804\ud55c\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c \uc704\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ubcf4\ud638\ub3d9\uc791 \uc131\uacf5\uacfc \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc815\uc9c0 \uc5b5\uc81c\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc13c\uc11c Voting\uacfc \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c Dependability\uc640 Security\uc758 \uade0\ud615\uc774 \ub2ec\ub77c\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq\"><b>Q7. PFD = 1 \u2212 R(t)\uc778\uac00?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\ubb34\uc870\uac74 \uac19\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. R(t)\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815 \uae30\uac04 \ubb34\uace0\uc7a5 \uc0dd\uc874\ud655\ub960\uc774\uace0, PFD\ub294 \uc694\uad6c \uc21c\uac04 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5 \uc2e4\ud328\ud655\ub960\uc774\ub2e4. \uc800\ube48\ub3c4 \uc694\uad6c\uc758 PFD<sub>avg<\/sub>\uc5d0\ub294 \uac80\uc0ac\uc8fc\uae30\uc640 \ubcf5\uad6c \ub4f1\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s9\">\n<h2>9. \uc190\uae00\uc528 \ud544\uae30\uc640 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uad6c\ubd84 \u2014 \ud63c\ub3d9 \ubc29\uc9c0<\/h2>\n<p>\uc544\ub798 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 <strong>2026-11-03 \uc190\uae00\uc528 \ub178\ud2b8\uc758 \ud45c\ud604<\/strong>\uc744 \uc6d0\uc11c \ud559\uc2b5\uacfc \uc9c8\uc758\uc751\ub2f5\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucdb0 \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uc218\uc2dd\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9\uc870\uac74\uc744 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \uc801\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2a4\uce94\uc5d0 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc218\uc2dd\uacfc \ud310\ub2e8\uc740 \ubcf4\ucda9 \ud574\uc124\ub85c \uad6c\ubd84\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\uc2a4\uce94\u00b7\ud544\uae30 \ud45c\ud604<\/th>\n<th>\ube14\ub85c\uadf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud45c\ud604<\/th>\n<th>\uadfc\uac70 \uc704\uce58<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Reliability = Dependability + Security<\/td>\n<td>\ub450 \uc694\uad6c\ub97c <strong>\ud568\uaed8 \ucda9\uc871<\/strong>\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b. \ud655\ub960\uc758 \ub2e8\uc21c \ud569\uc0b0\uc2dd \uc544\ub2d8<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 1~2\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Availability = MTBF\/(MTBF+MTTR)<\/td>\n<td>\uc815\uc758\ub41c \uace0\uc7a5\u00b7\ubcf5\uad6c \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 <strong>\ub2e8\uc21c \uc815\uc0c1\uc0c1\ud0dc \uadfc\uc0ac<\/strong>. \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc758 \ub2e4\uc6b4\ud0c0\uc784 \ud56d\ubaa9\uacfc \uad6c\ubcc4<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 2\ucabd\u00b7\ub2f9\uc77c \ubb38\ub2f5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>MTBF = 1\/\u03bb<\/td>\n<td><strong>\uc77c\uc815 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960<\/strong> \ub4f1 \ubaa8\ub378 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \ubd99\uc5ec \uc0ac\uc6a9. MTBF\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc218\uba85\uc774 \uc544\ub2d8<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 3\u00b75\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>R(t)\uc640 PFD<\/td>\n<td>\ubb34\uace0\uc7a5 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc694\uad6c \uc2dc \uace0\uc7a5\ud655\ub960\uc758 \ud3c9\uac00 \uc870\uac74\uc774 \ub2e4\ub984<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 3~4\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\uc774\uc911\ud654\ub294 MTBF \uc99d\uac00<\/td>\n<td>\ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\u00b7\uc804\ud658 \uae30\ub2a5\u00b7\uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5(CCF)\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud574\uc57c \ud568<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 5\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Proof Test\/PST<\/td>\n<td>\uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uace0\uc7a5\uc744 \uac80\uc0ac\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud568; PST\ub294 \uc804\ud589\uc815\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ub300\uccb4 \ubd88\uac00<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 5~6\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PSV\/PRV\uc758 \ub3d9\uc791<\/td>\n<td>\uae09\uc18d\uac1c\ubc29\uacfc \ube44\ub840\uac1c\ubc29\uc740 <strong>\uc804\ud615\uc801\uc778 \uad6c\ubd84<\/strong>\uc774\uba70 \uc81c\ud488\u00b7\uaddc\uaca9\ubcc4 \ud655\uc778 \ud544\uc694<\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 6\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SIL = RSA\uc640 PFD \uad00\uacc4<\/td>\n<td>\uc6d0\uc11c\uc758 RSA\ub294 \uc548\uc804\uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \uc131\uacf5\ud655\ub960; <strong>\uc0dd\uc0b0 Availability\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc758\ubbf8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\uc2a4\uce94 8\ucabd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"callout note\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">\uc790\ub8cc\uc758 \uac80\uc99d \uc0c1\ud0dc<\/div>\n<p>\uc774 \uac8c\uc2dc\uae00\uc740 <strong>\uac1c\uc778 \ud544\uae30 \ubc0f \uc6d0\uc11c \ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uad6c\uc870\ud654\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5\uc790\ub8cc<\/strong>\ub2e4. \uc6d0\uc11c \uc124\uba85, \ub2f9\uc77c \uc9c8\uc758\uc751\ub2f5\uacfc \uad6c\ubd84\u00b7\ubcf4\uc644\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uba70, \uc774 \uae00 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 IEC\/ISA \uacf5\uc2dd \uc778\uc99d\uc11c \ub610\ub294 \ud655\uc778 \uc644\ub8cc\ub41c \ucc44\uc810\uc6a9 Fact Anchor\ub97c \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. <code>prof_eng_answer<\/code>\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uac80\uc99d\u00b7\ucd9c\ucc98\uc2b9\uc778 \uc808\ucc28\ub97c \ub530\ub978\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"s10\">\n<h2>10. \uc6d0\ubcf8 \uc190\uae00\uc528 \ud544\uae30 \u2014 2026-11-03 (8\ucabd)<\/h2>\n<p>\uc6d0\ubcf8 \uc2a4\uce94\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uc704 \ubcf8\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc758\ubbf8 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud14d\uc2a4\ud2b8\ud654\ud588\ub2e4. \uc544\ub798 8\ucabd\uc740 \ud544\uae30 \ud750\ub984\uacfc \uc6d0\ub798 \ud45c\ud604\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c <strong>\uc6d0\uc790\ub8cc<\/strong>\ub85c \ubcf4\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scan-grid\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-d952887c8d8b08b6.jpg\" alt=\"2026\ub144 11\uc6d4 3\uc77c \ud544\uae30 1\ucabd \ud655\ub960 \uae30\ucd08 \ubc0f Security Dependability \uad00\uacc4\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 1\ucabd \u00b7 \ud655\ub960\uc758 \uae30\ucd08 \u00b7 Security \/ Dependability<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-c93c2997fba1786d.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 2\ucabd \uc548\uc815\uc131 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 MTBF MTTR\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 2\ucabd \u00b7 Stability \/ Availability \u00b7 32.3 \ub3c4\uc785<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-43148aebaaae3220.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 3\ucabd \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120 PFD\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 3\ucabd \u00b7 \uace0\uc7a5\ub960 \u00b7 \uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120 \u00b7 R(t)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-8aa8c1fece679dfd.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 4\ucabd PFD \ubc0f \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131 \uc124\uacc4 \uc608\ubc29\uc815\ube44\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 4\ucabd \u00b7 PFD \u00b7 32.4 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131 \uc124\uacc4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-759a0a4b13525e7b.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 5\ucabd \uc815\uaca9 \uc800\uac10 \uc774\uc911\ud654 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc6d0\uc778\uace0\uc7a5 Proof Test\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 5\ucabd \u00b7 De-rating \u00b7 Redundancy \u00b7 Proof Test<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-184da1f23a0bc7e3.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 6\ucabd \ubd80\ubd84\ud589\uc815\uc2dc\ud5d8 watchdog \uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638 PSV PRV\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 6\ucabd \u00b7 PST \u00b7 Watchdog \u00b7 PRV \/ PSV<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-9b2917282a16b5af.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 7\ucabd \ud30c\uc77c\ub7ff \ubc38\ube0c SIF SIS Logic Solver EIV\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 7\ucabd \u00b7 Pilot Valve \u00b7 SIF \/ SIS \u00b7 Logic Solver<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chapter32-probability-reliability-sis-20261103-7b16d91c02545c4c.jpg\" alt=\"\ud544\uae30 8\ucabd Fail open close \ucd5c\uc885\uc81c\uc5b4\uc694\uc18c \ubc0f SIL PFD RSA\"\/><figcaption>\ud544\uae30 8\ucabd \u00b7 Fail Position \u00b7 SIL \/ PFD \/ RSA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<footer class=\"bibliog\"><strong>\ucd9c\ucc98 \ubc0f \ud3b8\uc9d1 \uae30\uc900<\/strong><br \/>\n    [\uc6d0\uc11c \ud559\uc2b5] Tony R. Kuphaldt, <em>Lessons in Industrial Instrumentation<\/em>, Version 2.32, Chapter 32.2\u201332.6.4. \uc624\ub298 \ub300\ud654\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\ucc28\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c \uc808\uc744 \uc694\uc57d\u00b7\uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud568. 32.2.2\uc758 \uac1c\ubcc4 \ubcf8\ubb38\uc740 \uc624\ub298 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc9c4\ud589\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \ud655\ub960\ubc95\uce59\uc740 32.2.3 \uc608\uc81c\uc640 \uc624\ub298 \ubb38\ub2f5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uae30\ucd08\ub85c\ub9cc \uc218\ub85d\ud568.<br \/>\n    [\uac1c\uc778 \ud544\uae30] <em>Scan_20261103_223638.pdf<\/em>, 8\ucabd, 2026-11-03. \ubcf8\ubb38 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uacfc \uc6d0\ubcf8 \uc2a4\uce94 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcf4\uc874\ud568.<br \/>\n    [\ub2f9\uc77c \uc9c8\ubb38\u00b7\ucd94\uac00 \uc124\uba85] Security\/Dependability \ud55c\uae00 \uba85\uce6d, Stability\/Availability \ucc28\uc774, \uc815\uc0c1 SIS \ud2b8\ub9bd\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131 \ud3ec\ud568 \uc5ec\ubd80, MTBF\/MTTR\uc758 \uace0\uc7a5 \ubc94\uc704, PFD\/PFDavg \ubc0f SIL \ud310\uc815 \uc8fc\uc758\uc0ac\ud56d. \uc6d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc11c\uc220\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uad6c\ubd84\u00b7\uac80\ud1a0 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \ubcf8\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc\ud568.<br \/>\n    [\uadf8\ub9bc] \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 1~8\uc740 \uc774 \uc790\ub8cc\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc791\uc131\ud55c \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4\uc774\uba70, \uc190\uae00\uc528 8\ucabd\uc740 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc790\uac00 \uc81c\uacf5\ud55c \uc2a4\uce94\uc744 \uc6f9 \uac8c\uc2dc\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \ud06c\uae30\ub9cc \uc870\uc808\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<br \/>\n  <\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud655\ub960\u00b7\uace0\uc7a5\ub960\u00b7MTBF\u00b7\uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc695\uc870\uace1\uc120\ubd80\ud130 Security\u00b7Dependability, \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac00\uc6a9\uc131\uc758 \uc815\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04, Proof Test\u00b7\uc774\uc911\ud654\u00b7\uacfc\uc555 \ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58, SIF\u00b7SIS\u00b7SIL\uacfc PFDavg\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc815\ub9ac\ud588\ub2e4. 2026-11-03 \uc190\uae00\uc528 \ud544\uae30 8\ucabd\uacfc \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4 \ud3ec\ud568.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1185],"tags":[2275,2273,2276,2274,2272],"wpgpxmaps_activity":[],"class_list":["post-9839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1185","tag-proof-testpfdavg","tag-securitydependability","tag-sissifsil","tag-mtbfmttr","tag-2272"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9839","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9839"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9839\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9840,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9839\/revisions\/9840"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9839"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9839"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9839"},{"taxonomy":"wpgpxmaps_activity","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/now0930.pe.kr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wpgpxmaps_activity?post=9839"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}